/*=========================================================================
 *
 *  Copyright NumFOCUS
 *
 *  Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
 *  you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
 *  You may obtain a copy of the License at
 *
 *         https://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0.txt
 *
 *  Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
 *  distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
 *  WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
 *  See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
 *  limitations under the License.
 *
 *=========================================================================*/
#ifndef itkGradientDescentOptimizerv4_hxx
#define itkGradientDescentOptimizerv4_hxx


namespace itk
{

template <typename TInternalComputationValueType>
GradientDescentOptimizerv4Template<TInternalComputationValueType>::GradientDescentOptimizerv4Template()
  : m_LearningRate(NumericTraits<TInternalComputationValueType>::OneValue())
  , m_MinimumConvergenceValue(1e-8)
  , m_ConvergenceValue(NumericTraits<TInternalComputationValueType>::max())
  , m_CurrentBestValue(NumericTraits<MeasureType>::max())

{
  this->m_PreviousGradient.Fill(TInternalComputationValueType{});
}

template <typename TInternalComputationValueType>
void
GradientDescentOptimizerv4Template<TInternalComputationValueType>::StartOptimization(bool doOnlyInitialization)
{
  // Must call the superclass version for basic validation and setup.
  Superclass::StartOptimization(doOnlyInitialization);

  if (this->m_ReturnBestParametersAndValue)
  {
    this->m_BestParameters = this->GetCurrentPosition();
    this->m_CurrentBestValue = NumericTraits<MeasureType>::max();
  }

  this->m_CurrentIteration = 0;
  this->m_ConvergenceValue = NumericTraits<TInternalComputationValueType>::max();

  if (!doOnlyInitialization)
  {
    this->ResumeOptimization();
  }
}

template <typename TInternalComputationValueType>
void
GradientDescentOptimizerv4Template<TInternalComputationValueType>::StopOptimization()
{
  if (this->m_ReturnBestParametersAndValue)
  {
    this->m_Metric->SetParameters(this->m_BestParameters);
    this->m_CurrentMetricValue = this->m_CurrentBestValue;
  }
  Superclass::StopOptimization();
}

template <typename TInternalComputationValueType>
void
GradientDescentOptimizerv4Template<TInternalComputationValueType>::ResumeOptimization()
{
  this->m_StopConditionDescription.str("");
  this->m_StopConditionDescription << this->GetNameOfClass() << ": ";
  this->InvokeEvent(StartEvent());

  this->m_Stop = false;
  while (!this->m_Stop)
  {
    // Do not run the loop if the maximum number of iterations is reached or its value is zero.
    if (this->m_CurrentIteration >= this->m_NumberOfIterations)
    {
      this->m_StopConditionDescription << "Maximum number of iterations (" << this->m_NumberOfIterations
                                       << ") exceeded.";
      this->m_StopCondition = StopConditionObjectToObjectOptimizerEnum::MAXIMUM_NUMBER_OF_ITERATIONS;
      this->StopOptimization();
      break;
    }

    // Save previous value with shallow swap that will be used by child optimizer.
    swap(this->m_PreviousGradient, this->m_Gradient);

    // Compute metric value/derivative.
    try
    {
      // m_Gradient will be sized as needed by metric. If it's already
      // proper size, no new allocation is done.
      this->m_Metric->GetValueAndDerivative(this->m_CurrentMetricValue, this->m_Gradient);
    }
    catch (const ExceptionObject &)
    {
      this->m_StopCondition = StopConditionObjectToObjectOptimizerEnum::COSTFUNCTION_ERROR;
      this->m_StopConditionDescription << "Metric error during optimization";
      this->StopOptimization();

      // Pass exception to caller
      throw;
    }

    // Check if optimization has been stopped externally.
    // (Presumably this could happen from a multi-threaded client app?)
    if (this->m_Stop)
    {
      this->m_StopConditionDescription << "StopOptimization() called";
      break;
    }

    // Check the convergence by WindowConvergenceMonitoringFunction.
    if (this->m_UseConvergenceMonitoring)
    {
      this->m_ConvergenceMonitoring->AddEnergyValue(this->m_CurrentMetricValue);
      try
      {
        this->m_ConvergenceValue = this->m_ConvergenceMonitoring->GetConvergenceValue();
        if (this->m_ConvergenceValue <= this->m_MinimumConvergenceValue)
        {
          this->m_StopCondition = StopConditionObjectToObjectOptimizerEnum::CONVERGENCE_CHECKER_PASSED;
          this->m_StopConditionDescription << "Convergence checker passed at iteration " << this->m_CurrentIteration
                                           << '.';
          this->StopOptimization();
          break;
        }
      }
      catch (const std::exception & e)
      {
        itkWarningMacro("GetConvergenceValue() failed with exception: " << e.what() << std::endl);
      }
    }

    // Advance one step along the gradient.
    // This will modify the gradient and update the transform.
    this->AdvanceOneStep();

    // Store best value and position
    if (this->m_ReturnBestParametersAndValue && this->m_CurrentMetricValue < this->m_CurrentBestValue)
    {
      this->m_CurrentBestValue = this->m_CurrentMetricValue;
      this->m_BestParameters = this->GetCurrentPosition();
    }

    // Update and check iteration count
    this->m_CurrentIteration++;

  } // while (!m_Stop)
}

template <typename TInternalComputationValueType>
void
GradientDescentOptimizerv4Template<TInternalComputationValueType>::AdvanceOneStep()
{
  itkDebugMacro("AdvanceOneStep");

  // Begin threaded gradient modification.
  // Scale by gradient scales, then estimate the learning
  // rate if options are set to (using the scaled gradient),
  // then modify by learning rate. The m_Gradient variable
  // is modified in-place.
  this->ModifyGradientByScales();
  this->EstimateLearningRate();
  this->ModifyGradientByLearningRate();

  try
  {
    // Pass gradient to transform and let it do its own updating
    this->m_Metric->UpdateTransformParameters(this->m_Gradient);
  }
  catch (const ExceptionObject &)
  {
    this->m_StopCondition = StopConditionObjectToObjectOptimizerEnum::UPDATE_PARAMETERS_ERROR;
    this->m_StopConditionDescription << "UpdateTransformParameters error";
    this->StopOptimization();

    // Pass exception to caller
    throw;
  }

  this->InvokeEvent(IterationEvent());
}

template <typename TInternalComputationValueType>
void
GradientDescentOptimizerv4Template<TInternalComputationValueType>::ModifyGradientByScalesOverSubRange(
  const IndexRangeType & subrange)
{
  const ScalesType & scales = this->GetScales();
  const ScalesType & weights = this->GetWeights();

  ScalesType factor(scales.Size());

  if (this->GetWeightsAreIdentity())
  {
    for (SizeValueType i = 0; i < factor.Size(); ++i)
    {
      factor[i] = NumericTraits<typename ScalesType::ValueType>::OneValue() / scales[i];
    }
  }
  else
  {
    for (SizeValueType i = 0; i < factor.Size(); ++i)
    {
      factor[i] = weights[i] / scales[i];
    }
  }

  // Loop over the range. It is inclusive.
  for (IndexValueType j = subrange[0]; j <= subrange[1]; ++j)
  {
    // scales is checked during StartOptimization for values <=
    // machine epsilon.
    // Take the modulo of the index to handle gradients from transforms
    // with local support. The gradient array stores the gradient of local
    // parameters at each local index with linear packing.
    IndexValueType index = j % scales.Size();
    this->m_Gradient[j] = this->m_Gradient[j] * factor[index];
  }
}

template <typename TInternalComputationValueType>
void
GradientDescentOptimizerv4Template<TInternalComputationValueType>::ModifyGradientByLearningRateOverSubRange(
  const IndexRangeType & subrange)
{
  // Loop over the range. It is inclusive.
  for (IndexValueType j = subrange[0]; j <= subrange[1]; ++j)
  {
    this->m_Gradient[j] = this->m_Gradient[j] * this->m_LearningRate;
  }
}

template <typename TInternalComputationValueType>
void
GradientDescentOptimizerv4Template<TInternalComputationValueType>::EstimateLearningRate()
{
  if (this->m_ScalesEstimator.IsNull())
  {
    return;
  }
  if (this->m_DoEstimateLearningRateAtEachIteration ||
      (this->m_DoEstimateLearningRateOnce && this->m_CurrentIteration == 0))
  {
    TInternalComputationValueType stepScale = this->m_ScalesEstimator->EstimateStepScale(this->m_Gradient);

    if (stepScale <= NumericTraits<TInternalComputationValueType>::epsilon())
    {
      this->m_LearningRate = NumericTraits<TInternalComputationValueType>::OneValue();
    }
    else
    {
      this->m_LearningRate = this->m_MaximumStepSizeInPhysicalUnits / stepScale;
    }
  }
}

template <typename TInternalComputationValueType>
void
GradientDescentOptimizerv4Template<TInternalComputationValueType>::PrintSelf(std::ostream & os, Indent indent) const
{
  Superclass::PrintSelf(os, indent);

  os << indent << "LearningRate: "
     << static_cast<typename NumericTraits<TInternalComputationValueType>::PrintType>(this->m_LearningRate)
     << std::endl;
  os << indent << "MinimumConvergenceValue: " << this->m_MinimumConvergenceValue << std::endl;
  os << indent << "ConvergenceValue: "
     << static_cast<typename NumericTraits<TInternalComputationValueType>::PrintType>(this->m_ConvergenceValue)
     << std::endl;
  os << indent
     << "CurrentBestValue: " << static_cast<typename NumericTraits<MeasureType>::PrintType>(this->m_CurrentBestValue)
     << std::endl;
  os << indent
     << "BestParameters: " << static_cast<typename NumericTraits<ParametersType>::PrintType>(this->m_BestParameters)
     << std::endl;
  os << indent << "ReturnBestParametersAndValue: " << (this->m_ReturnBestParametersAndValue ? "On" : "Off")
     << std::endl;
  os << indent
     << "PreviousGradient: " << static_cast<typename NumericTraits<DerivativeType>::PrintType>(this->m_PreviousGradient)
     << std::endl;
}
} // namespace itk

#endif
