GeographicLib: Change log

GeographicLib 2.7

Loading...
Searching...
No Matches
Change log
Back to Support for high precision arithmetic. Up to Contents.

List of versions in reverse chronological order together with a brief list of changes. (Note: Old versions of the library use a year-month style of numbering. Now, the library uses a major and minor version number.) Recent versions of GeographicLib are available at https://sourceforge.net/projects/geographiclib/files/distrib-C++/. Older versions are in https://sourceforge.net/projects/geographiclib/files/distrib/.

The corresponding documentation for these versions is obtained by clicking on the “Version m.nn” links below. Some of the links in the documentation of older versions may be out of date (in particular the links for the source code will not work if the code has been migrated to the archive subdirectory). All the releases are available as tags “rm.nn” in the the "release" branch of the git repository for GeographicLib.

- Version 2.7 (released 2025-11-06)
  - Fix two bugs in classes for triaxial ellipsoids:
    - Triaxial::Geodesic3::Inverse sometimes threw an exception when both endpoints were on the major principal ellipse for very eccentric ellipsoids a > 2 c.
    - Triaxial::Cartesian3::carttocart2 sometimes returned the wrong result in the interior of the ellipsoid with Z = 0.
  - Cite the paper covering some of the triaxial classes Jacobi's solution for geodesics on a triaxial ellipsoid.
  - Minor documenation fixes.
- Version 2.6 (released 2025-09-30)
  - Support for triaxial ellipsoids. This is all placed in the GeographicLib::Triaxial namespace with the header files in the GeographicLib/Triaxial directory. This provides
    - Triaxial::Ellipsoid3 supports basic conversions of ellipsoidal coordinates.
    - Triaxial::GeodesicLine3 and Triaxial::Geodesic3 solve the direct and inverse geodesic problems on a triaxial ellipsoid. This implements Jacobi's solution for the direct problem. The inverse problem extends the method for solving the inverse problem on a biaxial ellipsoid.
    - Triaxial::Cartesian3 performs conversions between different systems of triaxial coordinates.
    - Triaxial::Conformal3 implements Jacobi's conformal projection for a triaxial ellipsoid. This allows a triaxial ellipsoid to be conformally mapped to a sphere or to any other ellipsoid.
    - Geod3Solve is a command-line utility offering access to Triaxial::Geodesic3.
    - Cart3Convert is a command-line utility offering access to Triaxial::Cartesian3.
    - Conformal3Proj is a command-line utility offering access to Triaxial::Conformal3.
    - Constants::Triaxial_Earth_a, Constants::Triaxial_Earth_b, Constants::Triaxial_Earth_c, and Constants::Triaxial_Earth_lon0 specify a simple triaxial model for the Earth.
    - experimental::TriaxialGeodesicODE is provided to illustrate the solution of the direct geodesic problem by integrating the ordinary differential equations for the geodesic. Because this depends on Boost, this is not part of the GeographicLib library.
    - experimental/Geod3ODE.cpp a utility for doing direct geodesic calculations using experimental::TriaxialGeodesicODE.
  - To support the triaxial routines, the following classes have been added:
    - AngleT provides an accurate representation of angles of any magnitude. This might replace AuxAngle at some point.
    - Trigfun supports representing periodic functions as Fourier series with automatic selection of the number of terms to use. This offers a tiny subset of the functionality of the trig series in Chebfun. This might replace DST at some point.
  - C++17 is now required. Minimum version of Visual Studio supported is Visual Studio 15 2017.
  - Add Math::clamp.
  - Because experimental::TriaxialGeodesicODE depends on Boost, the CMake option USE_BOOST_FOR_EXAMPLES has been renamed USE_BOOST. This will cause find_package(Boost) to be called, but does not affect how the library or the tools are built.
- Version 2.5.2 (released 2025-08-22)
  - Fix potential buffer overflow in DMS. Upgrading from earlier versions is strongly recommended. If upgrading is not possible, avoid processing untrusted or malformed inputs and run programs linked to the library with restricted privileges. Thanks to Rosario Matteo Grammatico for finding this vulnerability.
- Version 2.5.1 (released 2025-08-20)
  - Fix bug in geodesic inverse problem with very prolate ellipsoids. For f < −2, a meridional path was incorrectly returned in some cases for two points on the same meridian. This affected both the series and exact solutions. (Or course, the series solution is inaccurate for ellipsoids this eccentric.)
  - Minor tweak to Math::atan2d to improve accuracy.
  - Allow GEOGRAPHICLIB_PRECISION > 5; this makes mpreal use a fixed precision.
  - Document that cmake option -D BINDIR=OFF removes tools from the default all target for make.
  - WARNING: C++17 compliant compiler will be required for the next release. Support for builds with Visual Studio 14 (2015) will then stop.
- Version 2.5 (released 2024-12-28)
  - New magnetic models provided
    - World Magnetic Model 2025, wmm2025; this covers the period 2025–2030. This is now the model returned by MagneticModel::DefaultMagneticName and is default magnetic model for MagneticField (replacing wmm2020 which is only valid thru the end of 2024).
    - World Magnetic Model High Resolution 2025, wmmhr2025; this is a high-resolution version of wmm2025 including terms up to degree 133 (as opposed to 12 for wmm2025).
    - International Geomagnetic Reference Field (14th generation), igrf14, which approximates the main magnetic field of the earth for the period 1900–2030.
  - Update CMake's cmake_minimum_required to 3.17.0 (to facilitate integration with Qt projects).
  - With GEOGRAPHICLIB_PRECISION > 2, Utility::readarray interprets doubles in external file as approximations to an exact decimal number. See the documentaion of this routine for details.
- Version 2.4 (released 2024-07-14)
  - Math::sind, Math::sincosd, etc., now return accurate results for arguments = 30°, 45°, 60°, ….
  - Add Math::hypot3.
  - Add EllipticFunction::am.
  - Make constructor for AuxAngle explicit.
  - Include notes for Plate carrée areas.
  - C++14 compliant compiler required (this requirement tracks the Boost math library).
  - CMake configuration changes
    - update cmake_minimum_required to 3.16.0.
    - exclude the `tools` and `doc` targets from the default build (`make all`) if these components won't be installed (`BINDIR` or `DOCDIR` set to `OFF`).
    - `testprograms` is now excluded from the default build and it now depends on `tools`. Before running the test suite, build `testprograms`, e.g., `make testprograms test`.
    - added a target `libs` to build only the static and/or shared libraries.
    - document the use of CMake's FetchContent as an alternative to find_package.
    - stop requiring that CMAKE_CROSSCOMPILING match with find_package(GeographicLib).
  - Internal code changes
    - stop using reserved identifiers (_N in the DST class and _R in the Intersect class).
    - remove the workaround for the boost-quadmath bug with setprecision(0).
    - GEOGRAPHICLIB_PANIC(msg) macro now takes a message argument.
- Version 2.3 (released 2023-07-25)
  - Add the Intersect class and the IntersectTool utility. The methods are described in Geodesic intersections, preprint.
  - Add typedefs Geodesic::LineClass, GeodesicExact::LineClass, Rhumb::LineClass, GeodesicLine::BaseClass, GeodesicLineExact::BaseClass, RhumbLine::BaseClass.
  - Geodesic constructor accepts optional third argument exact, default false. If true, then the calculations are delegated to GeodesicExact. GeodSolve and Planimeter now use this simplified interface.
  - PolygonAreaExact is deprecated; use PolygonArea instead.
  - Bug in Planimeter -Q (introduced in version 2.2) has been fixed.
  - TransverseMercator constructor accepts optional arguments exact and extendp (default false for both). If exact = true, then the calculations are delegated to TransverseMercatorExact. TransverseMercatorProj now uses this simplified interface.
  - Minor fixes:
    - Fix documentation bug for TransverseMercatorProj (incorrectly stated that -t for the extended domain was the default).
    - Remove unnecessary friend declarations for Ellipsoid in AlbersEqualArea and TransverseMercator. (As of version 2.2, Ellipsoid uses the AuxLatitude class for this functionality.)
    - Small change in EllipticFunction to speed up the default contructor.
    - Remove workaround for boost 1.76 with enums (not needed for boost 1.78).
    - Remove unused header from NearestNeighbor.
- Version 2.2 (released 2023-03-07)
  - Completely redo Rhumb and RhumbLine classes to yield accurate results for the course and the area even for very eccentric ellipsoids:
    - these methods are accurate for 1/100 < b/a < 100 (the previous methods for the course were limited to 1/4 < b/a < 4 for the course and the area calculation was only valid for |f| < 0.01);
    - the meaning of the exact flag in the constructor is now more straightforward: exact = false (the default) consistently uses series expansions valid for |f| < 0.01; exact = true uses exact equations for the course of the rhumb line and an accurate DFT fit for the area computation;
    - the RhumbSolve(1) utiity accepts the u to unroll the longitudes for the results of direct calculations;
    - rhumb lines which include a pole as one of the endpoints are treated properly (previously point at the pole were moved slightly away from the pole);
    - this treatment of rhumb areas is described in The area of rhumb polygons.
  - The -E option for Planimeter(1) is now a toggle switching on exact treatment for geodesics (-G option), rhumb lines (-R option), authlatic lines (-Q option). Previously -E has turned on the exact treatment for geodesics.
  - The online version of Planimeter now allows the ellipsoid to be specified.
  - The deprecated -l option for GeodSolve and RhumbSolve has been removed.
  - Add AuxAngle and AuxLatitude classes to perform accurate conversions between auxiliary latitudes. The Ellipsoid class has been mostly reimplimented in terms of the AuxLatitude class. The DAuxLatitude class computes the divides differences of auxiliary latitude. and implements additional divided difference formulas needed by Rhumb.
  - Created an "experimental" directory + namespace and moved the experimental::JacobiConformal class there. Use the cmake target "experimental" to build this directory.
- Version 2.1.2 (released 2022-12-13)
  - Add MGRS::Decode to break an MGRS string into its components.
  - Add definite integral overload for DST::integral. This is used in GeodesicExact.
  - Add example code `examples/AuxLatitude.[hc]pp` implementating the AuxAngle and AuxLatitude classes. These classes implement the methods documented in the paper On auxiliary latitudes. They are not part of GeographicLib. See Auxiliary latitudes for more details.
  - Minor cmake issues:
    - fix cross-compile build on Windows;
    - check cmake version for "cmake rm -rf";
    - move cmake_minimum_required to the beginning of the cmake file and update minimum version to 3.13.0.
- Version 2.1.1 (released 2022-07-25)
  - Paper describing algorithms in GeodesicExact class is available at arxiv:2208.00492.
  - The Planimeter utility used to accept polygon vertices as UTM/UPS or MGRS coordinates. However, since these are converted to latitude and longitude using the WGS84 ellipsoid, this convention is incompatible with the -e option to specify the ellipsoid. So now, you have to provide the --geoconvert-input option to allow vertices to be specified in this way.
  - Fix sign error in DST::refine.
  - Relax overly strict convergence test for inverse problem in Geodesic and GeodesicExact.
  - Minor:
    - Use lookup table for selecting number of points for DST in GeodesicExact.
    - Relax one of the test thresholds in geodtest.cpp.
- Version 2.1 (released 2022-06-09)
  - Improve the accuracy of the area calculations in GeodesicExact and the Planimeter utility with the -E option. This now gives full double precision accuracy for b/a ∈ [0.01, 100] or f ∈ [-99, 0.99]. (Previously the range for full accuracy was b/a ∈ [0.5, 2].) The method involves a direct computation of the Fourier series for the integrand of area integral which then allows the integral to be evaluated.
  - Add a new class DST for doing discrete sine transforms. This is mainly for "internal" use, to compute the area in GeodesicExact. Internally, this uses the kissfft package by Mark Borgerding.
  - Fix various warnings from Visual Studio about arithmetic involving enums.
  - Minor improvement in the logic for the geodesic inverse problem to address a slow down that can occur with GEOGRAPHICLIB_PRECISION = 5 due to the time it takes to calculate, for example, sin(10^(10^8)) accurately.
- Version 2.0 (released 2022-05-06)
  - Remove non C++ implementations from this package. These are now managed as separate packages. See https://geographiclib.sourceforge.io/doc/library.html#languages.
  - This allowed the cmake interface to be rationalized, see Installation with cmake
    - Replace GEOGRAPHICLIB_LIB_TYPE by BUILD_SHARED_LIBS (a standard cmake variable) and BUILD_BOTH_LIBS.
    - Remove COMMON_INSTALL_PATH and replace with variables to specify where various components are to be installed.
    - GEOGRAPHICLIB_DOCUMENTATION is now BUILD_DOCUMENTATION.
    - Remove BUILD_NETGEOGRAPHICLIB.
    - Remove legacy cmake config support (non-namespace).
    - make exampleprograms does a separate cmake configuration to mimic how a user's program might find GeographicLib.
    - find_package (GeographicLib) now sets and checks the value of GEOGRAPHICLIB_PRECISION.
    - Improve the separation of end-user and maintain cmake code.
  - More careful treatment of ±0° and ±180°.
    - These behave consistently with taking the limits
      - ±0 means ±ε as ε → 0+
      - ±180 means ±(180 − ε) as ε → 0+
    - As a consequence, azimuths of +0° and +180° are reckoned to be east-going, as far as tracking the longitude with Geodesic::LONG_UNROLL and the area goes, while azimuths −0° and −180° are reckoned to be west-going.
    - When computing longitude differences, if λ2 − λ1 = ±180° (mod 360°), then the sign is picked depending on the sign of the difference.
    - The normal range for returned longitudes and azimuths is [−180°, 180°].
  - Programs in directory tests now allow testing to extend beyond invocations of the utility programs.
  - BUG FIXES:
    - Fixed bug where in the solution of the inverse geodesic problem where with lat1 = 0 and lat2 = nan was treated as equatorial.
    - Fixed roundoff corner case in geodesic area computation (only triggered with long double).
  - Minor changes in code:
    - Use fmin, fmax, fabs instead of min, max, abs, where appropriate.
    - Parameterize the conversion units for degrees, minutes, seconds as Math::qd, Math::dm, Math::ms.
    - Ellipsoid::MinorRadius() has be renamed Ellipsoid::PolarRadius().
    - Remove deprecated functions: XXX::MajorRadius, Utility::val, and placeholders (Math::cbrt, etc.) for C++11 math functions.
    - Can specify the comment character in Utility::ParseLine.
    - Rename various internal identifiers to avoid reserved names.
    - Remove unused internal variable in RhumbLine.
    - The documentation for EllipticFunction specifies restrictions on the arguments.
    - Put GeodesicExactC4.cpp back into GeodesicExact.cpp.
  - Library file now called libGeographicLib.so, etc., instead of libGeographic.so.
  - The .NET version of GeographicLib has been removed.
- Version 1.52 (released 2021-06-22)
  - Add MagneticModel::FieldGeocentric and MagneticCircle::FieldGeocentric to return the field in geocentric coordinates (thanks to Marcelo Banik de Padua).
  - Document realistic errors for PolygonAreaT and Planimeter.
  - Geodesic routines: be more aggressive in preventing negative s12 and m12 for short lines (all languages).
  - Fix bug in AlbersEqualArea for extreme prolate ellipsoids (plus general cleanup in the code).
  - Thanks to Thomas Warner, a sample of wrapping the C++ library, so it's accessible in Excel, is given in `wrapper/Excel`.
  - Minor changes
    - Work around inaccuracies in hypot routines in Visual Studio (win32), Python, and JavaScript.
    - Initialize reference argument to remquo (C++ and C).
    - Get ready to retire unused _exact in RhumbLine.
    - Declare RhumbLine copy constructor "= default".
    - Use C++11 "= delete" idiom to delete copy assignment and copy constructors in RhumbLine, Geoid, GravityModel, MagneticModel.
    - Fix MGRS::Forward to work around aggressive optimization leading to incorrect rounding.
    - Fix plain makefiles, Makefile.mk, so that PREFIX is handled properly.
    - Make cmake's GeographicLib_LIBRARIES point to namespace versions.
  - NOTE: In the next version (tentatively 2.0), I plan to split up the git repository and the packaging of GeographicLib into separate entities for each language. This will simplify development and deployment of the library.
  - WARNING: The .NET version of GeographicLib will not be supported in the next version.
- Version 1.51 (released 2020-11-22)
  - C++11 compiler required for C++ library. As a consequence:
    - The workaround implementations for C++11 routines (Math::hypot, Math::expm1, Math::log1p, Math::asinh, Math::atanh, Math::copysign, Math::cbrt, Math::remainder, Math::remquo, Math::round, Math::lround, Math::fma, Math::isfinite, and Math::isnan) are now deprecated. Just use the versions in the std:: namespace instead.
    - SphericalEngine class, fix the namespace for using streamoff.
    - Some templated functions, e.g., Math::degree(), now have default template parameters, T = Math::real.
  - C99 compiler required for C library.
  - Reduce memory footprint in Java implementation.
  - New form of Utility::ParseLine to allow the syntax "KEY = VAL".
  - Add International Geomagnetic Reference Field (13th generation), igrf13, which approximates the main magnetic field of the earth for the period 1900–2025.
  - More symbols allowed with DMS decoding in C++, JS, and cgi-bin packages; see DMS::Decode.
  - Fix bug in cgi-bin argument processing which causes "+" to be misinterpreted.
  - Required minium version of CMake is now 3.7.0 (released 2016-11-11). This is to work around a bug in find_package for cmake 3.4 and 3.5.
- Version 1.50.1 (released 2019-12-13)
  - Add the World Magnetic Model 2020, wmm2020, covering the period 2020–2025. This is now the model returned by MagneticModel::DefaultMagneticName and is default magnetic model for MagneticField (replacing wmm2015v2 which is only valid thru the end of 2019).
  - Include float instantiations of those templated Math functions which migrated to Math.cpp in version 1.50.
  - WARNING: The next version of GeographicLib will require a C++11 compliant compiler. This means that the minimum version of Visual Studio will be Visual Studio 14 2015. (This repeats the warning given with version 1.50. It didn't apply to this version because this is a minor update.)
- Version 1.50 (released 2019-09-24)
  - BUG fixes:
    - Java + JavaScript implementations of PolygonArea::TestEdge counted the pole encirclings wrong.
    - Fix typo in JavaScript implementation which affected unsigned areas.
    - Adding edges to a polygon counted pole encirclings inconsistent with the way the adding point counted them. This might have caused an incorrect result if a polygon vertex had longitude = 0. This affected all implementations except Fortran and MATLAB).
    - GARS::Forward: fix BUG in handling of longitude = ±180°.
    - Fix bug in Rhumb class and RhumbSolve(1) utiity which caused incorrect area to be reported if an endpoint is at a pole. Thanks to Natalia Sabourova for reporting this.
    - Fix bug in MATLAB routine mgrs_inv which resulted in incorrect results for UPS zones with prec = −1.
    - In geodreckon.m geoddistance.m, suppress (innocuous) "warning: division by zero" messages from Octave.
    - In python implementation, work around problems caused by sin(inf) and fmod(inf) raising exceptions.
    - Geoid class, fix the use of streamoff.
  - The PolygonArea class, the Planimeter utility, and their equivalents in C, Fortran, MATLAB, Java, JavaScript, Python, and Maxima can now handle arbitrarily complex polygons. In the case of self-intersecting polygons the area is accumulated "algebraically", e.g., the areas of the 2 loops in a figure-8 polygon will partially cancel.
  - Changes in gravity and magnetic model handling
    - SphericalEngine::coeff::readcoeffs takes new optional argument truncate.
    - The constructors for GravityModel and MagneticModel allow the maximum degree and order to be specified. The array of coefficients will then be truncated if necessary.
    - GravityModel::Degree(), GravityModel::Order(), MagneticModel::Degree(), MagneticModel::Order() return the maximum degree and order of all the components of a GravityModel or MagneticModel.
    - Gravity and MagneticField utilities accept -N and -M options to to allow the maximum degree and order to be specified.
  - The GeodSolve allows fractional distances to be entered as fractions (with the `-F` flag).
  - MajorRadius() methods are now called EquatorialRadius() for the C++, Java, and .NET libraries. "Equatorial" is more descriptive in the case of prolate ellipsoids. MajorRadius() is retained for backward compatibility for C++ and Java but is deprecated.
  - Minimum version updates:
    - CMake = 3.1.0, released 2014-12-15.
    - Minimum g++ version = 4.8.0, released 2013-03-22.
    - Visual Studio 10 2010 (haven't been able to check Visual Studio 2008 for a long time).
    - WARNING: The next version of GeographicLib will require a C++11 compliant compiler. This means that the minimum version of Visual Studio will be Visual Studio 14 2015.
    - Minimum boost version = 1.64 needed for GEOGRAPHICLIB_PRECISION = 4.
    - Java = 1.6; this allows the removal of epsilon, min, hypot, log1p, copysign, cbrt from GeoMath.
  - CMake updates:
    - Fine tune Visual Studio compatibility check in find_package(GeographicLib); this allows GeographicLib compiled with Visual Studio 14 2015 to be used with a project compiled with Visual Studio 15 2017 and 16 2019.
    - Suppress warnings with dotnet build.
    - Change CMake target names and add an interface library (thanks to Matthew Woehlke).
    - Remove pre-3.1.0 cruft and update the documentation to remove the need to call include_dirctories.
    - Add _d suffix to example and test programs.
    - Changer installation path for binary installer to the Windows default.
    - Add support for Intel compiler (for C++, C, Fortran). This entails supplying the `-fp-model precise` flag to prevent the compiler from incorrectly simplying `(a + b) + c` and `0.0 + x`.
  - Add version 2 of the World Magnetic Model 2015, wmm2015v2. This is now the default magnetic model for MagneticField (replacing wmm2015 which is now deprecated). Coming in 2019-12: the wmm2020 model.
  - The -f flag in the scripts geographiclib-get-geoids, geographiclib-get-gravity, and geographiclib-get-magnetic, allows you to load new models (not yet in the set defined by "all"). This is in addition to its original role of allowing you to overwrite existing models.
  - Changes in math function support:
    - Move some of the functionality from Math.hpp to Math.cpp to make compilation of package which depend on GeographicLib less sensitive to the current compiler environment.
    - Add Math::remainder, Math::remquo, Math::round, and Math::lround. Also add implementations of remainder, remquo to C implementation.
    - Math::cbrt, Math::atanh, and Math::asinh now preserve the sign of −0. (Also: C, Java, JavaScript, Python, MATLAB. Not necessary: Fortran because sign is a built-in function.)
    - JavaScript: fall back to Math.hypot, Math.cbrt, Math.log1p, Math.atanh if they are available.
  - When parsing DMS strings ignore various non-breaking spaces (C++ and JavaScript).
  - Improve code coverage in the tests of geodesic algorithms (C++, C, Java, JavaScript, Python, MATLAB, Fortran).
  - Old deprecated NormalGravity::NormalGravity constructor removed.
  - Additions to the documentation:
    - add documentation links to ge{distance,reckon}.m;
    - clarify which solution is returned for Geocentric::Reverse.
- Version 1.49 (released 2017-10-05)
  - Add the Enhanced Magnetic Model 2017, emm2017. This is valid for 2000 thru the end of 2021.
  - Avoid potential problems with the order of initializations in DMS, GARS, Geohash, Georef, MGRS, OSGB, SphericalEngine; this only would have been an issue if GeographicLib objects were instantiated globally. Now no GeographicLib initialization code should be run prior to the entry of main().
  - To support the previous fix, add an overload, Utility::lookup(const char* s, char c).
  - NearestNeighbor::Search throws an error if pts is the wrong size (instead of merely returning no results).
  - Use complex arithmetic for Clenshaw sums in TransverseMercator and tranmerc_{fwd,inv}.m.
  - Changes in cmake support:
    - fix compiler flags for GEOGRAPHICLIB_PRECISION = 4;
    - add CONVERT_WARNINGS_TO_ERRORS option (default OFF), if ON then compiler warnings are treated as errors.
  - Fix warnings about implicit conversions of doubles to bools in C++, C, and JavaScript packages.
  - Binary installers for Windows now use Visual Studio 14 2015.
- Version 1.48 (released 2017-04-09)
  - The "official" URL for GeographicLib is now https://geographiclib.sourceforge.io (instead of http://geographiclib.sourceforge.net).
  - The default range for longitude and azimuth is now (−180°, 180°], instead of [−180°, 180°). This was already the case for the C++ library; now the change has been made to the other implementations (C, Fortran, Java, JavaScript, Python, MATLAB, and Maxima).
  - Changes to NearestNeighbor:
    - fix BUG in reading a NearestNeighbor object from a stream which sometimes incorrectly caused a "Bad index" exception to be thrown;
    - add NearestNeighbor::operator<<, NearestNeighbor::operator>>, NearestNeighbor::swap, std::swap(GeographicLib::NearestNeighbor&, GeographicLib::NearestNeighbor&);
  - Additions to the documentation:
    - add documentation on Finding nearest neighbors;
    - Normal gravity documentation is now on its own page and now has an illustrative figure;
    - document the Truncation errors in the series for auxiliary latitudes.
  - Fix BUGS in MATLAB function geodreckon with mixed scalar and array arguments.
  - Workaround bug in math.fmod for Python 2.7 on 32-bit Windows machines.
  - Changes in cmake support:
    - add USE_BOOST_FOR_EXAMPLES option (default OFF), if ON search for Boost libraries for building examples;
    - add APPLE_MULTIPLE_ARCHITECTURES option (default OFF), if ON build for both i386 and x86_64 on Mac OS X systems;
    - don't add flag for C++11 for g++ 6.0 (since it's not needed).
  - Fix compiler warnings with Visual Studio 2017 and for the C library.
- Version 1.47 (released 2017-02-15)
  - Add NearestNeighbor class.
  - Improve accuracy of area calculation (fixing a flaw introduced in version 1.46); fix applied in Geodesic, GeodesicExact, and the implementations in C, Fortran, Java, JavaScript, Python, MATLAB, and Maxima.
  - Generalize NormalGravity to allow oblate and prolate ellipsoids. As a consequence a new form of constructor, NormalGravity::NormalGravity, has been introduced and the old form is now deprecated (and because the signatures of the two constructors are similar, the compiler will warn about the use of the old one).
  - Changes in Math class:
    - Math::sincosd, Math::sind, Math::cosd only return −0 for the case sin(−0);
    - Math::atan2d and Math::AngNormalize return results in (−180°, 180°]; this may affect the longitudes and azimuth returned by several other functions.
  - Add Utility::trim() and Utility::val<T>(); Utility::num<T>() is now deprecated.
  - Changes in cmake support:
    - remove support of PACKAGE_PATH and INSTALL_PATH in cmake configuration;
    - fix to FindGeographicLib.cmake to make it work on Debian systems;
    - use $<TARGET_PDB_FILE:tgt> (cmake version ≥ 3.1);
    - use NAMESPACE for exported targets;
    - geographiclib-config.cmake exports GEOGRAPHICLIB_DATA, GEOGRAPHICLIB_PRECISION, and GeographicLib_HIGHPREC_LIBRARIES.
  - Add pkg-config support for cmake and autoconf builds.
  - Minor fixes:
    - fix the order of declarations in C library, incorporating the patches in version 1.46.1;
    - fix the packaging of the Python library, incorporating the patches in version 1.46.3;
    - restrict junit dependency in the Java package to testing scope (thanks to Mick Killianey);
    - various behind-the-scenes fixes to EllipticFunction;
    - fix documentation and default install location for Windows binary installers;
    - fix clang compiler warnings in GeodesicExactC4 and TransverseMercator.
- Version 1.46 (released 2016-02-15)
  - The following BUGS have been fixed:
    - the -w flag to Planimeter(1) was being ignored;
    - in the Java package, the wrong longitude was being returned with direct geodesic calculation with a negative distance when starting point was at a pole (this bug was introduced in version 1.44);
    - in the JavaScript package, PolygonArea.TestEdge contained a misspelling of a variable name and other typos (problem found by threepointone).
  - INCOMPATIBLE CHANGES:
    - make the -w flag (to swap the default order of latitude and longitude) a toggle for all Utility programs;
    - the -a option to GeodSolve(1) now toggles (instead of sets) arc mode;
    - swap order coslon and sinlon arguments in CircularEngine class.
  - Remove deprecated functionality:
    - remove gradient calculation from the Geoid class and GeoidEval(1) (this was inaccurate and of dubious utility);
    - remove reciprocal flattening functions, InverseFlattening in many classes and Constants::WGS84_r(); stop treating flattening > 1 as the reciprocal flattening in constructors;
    - remove DMS::Decode(string), DMS::DecodeFraction, EllipticFunction:m, EllipticFunction:m1, Math::extradigits, Math::AngNormalize2, PolygonArea::TestCompute;
    - stop treating LONG_NOWRAP as an alias for LONG_UNROLL in Geodesic (and related classes) and Rhumb;
    - stop treating full/schmidt as aliases for FULL/SCHMIDT in SphericalEngine (and related classes);
    - remove qmake project file src/GeographicLib.pro because QtCreator can handle cmake projects now;
    - remove deprecated Visual Studio 2005 project and solution files.
  - Changes to GeodesicLine and GeodesicLineExact classes; these changes (1) simplify the process of computing waypoints on a geodesic given two endpoints and (2) allow a GeodesicLine to be defined which is consistent with the solution of the inverse problem (in particular Geodesic::InverseLine the specification of south-going lines which pass the poles in a westerly direction by setting sin α1 = −0):
    - the class stores the distance s13 and arc length a13 to a reference point 3; by default these quantities are NaNs;
    - GeodesicLine::SetDistance (and GeodesicLine::SetArc) specify the distance (and arc length) to point 3;
    - GeodesicLine::Distance (and GeodesicLine::Arc) return the distance (and arc length) to point 3;
    - new methods Geodesic::InverseLine and Geodesic::DirectLine return a GeodesicLine with the reference point 3 defined as point 2 of the corresponding geodesic calculation;
    - these changes are also included in the C, Java, JavaScript, and Python packages.
  - Other changes to the geodesic routines:
    - more accurate solution of the inverse problem when longitude difference is close to 180° (also in C, Fortran, Java, JavaScript, Python, MATLAB, and Maxima packages);
    - more accurate calculation of lon2 in the inverse calculation with LONG_UNROLL (also in Java, JavaScript, Python packages).
  - Changes to GeodSolve(1) utility:
    - the -I and -D options now specify geodesic line calculation via the standard inverse or direct geodesic problems;
    - rename -l flag to -L to parallel the new -I and -D flags (-l is is retained for backward compatibility but is deprecated), and similarly for RhumbSolve(1);
    - the -F flag (in conjunction with the -I or -D flags) specifies that distances read on standard input are fractions of s13 or a13;
    - the -a option now toggles arc mode (noted above);
    - the -w option now toggles longitude first mode (noted above).
  - Changes to Math class:
    - Math::copysign added;
    - add overloaded version of Math::AngDiff which returns the error in the difference. This allows a more accurate treatment of inverse geodesic problem when lon12 is close to 180°;
    - Math::AngRound now converts tiny negative numbers to −0 (instead of +0), however −0 is still converted to +0.
  - Add -S and -T options to GeoConvert(1).
  - Add Sphinx documentation for Python package.
  - Samples of wrapping the C++ library, so it's accessible in other languages, are given in `wrapper/C`, `wrapper/python`, and `wrapper/matlab`.
  - Binary installers for Windows now use Visual Studio 12 2013.
  - Remove top-level pom.xml from release (it was specific to SRI).
  - A reminder: because of the JavaScript changes introduced in version 1.45, you should remove the following installation directories from your system:
    - Windows: ${CMAKE_INSTALL_PREFIX}/doc/scripts
    - Others: ${CMAKE_INSTALL_PREFIX}/share/doc/GeographicLib/scripts
- Version 1.45 (released 2015-09-30)
  - Fix BUG in solution of inverse geodesic caused by misbehavior of some versions of Visual Studio on Windows (fmod(−0.0, 360.0) returns +0.0 instead of −0.0) and Octave (sind(−0.0) returns +0.0 instead of −0.0). These bugs were exposed because max(−0.0, +0.0) returns −0.0 for some languages.
  - Geodesic::Inverse now correctly returns NaNs if one of the latitudes is a NaN.
  - Changes to JavaScript package:
    - thanks to help from Yurij Mikhalevich, it is a now a node package that can be installed with npm;
    - make install now installs the node package in `lib/node_modules/geographiclib`;
    - add unit tests using mocha;
    - add documentation via JSDoc;
    - fix bug Geodesic.GenInverse (this bug, introduced in version 1.44, resulted in the wrong azimuth being reported for points at the pole).
  - Changes to Java package:
    - add implementation of ellipsoidal Gnomonic projection (courtesy of Sebastian Mattheis);
    - add unit tests using JUnit;
    - Math.toRadians and Math.toDegrees are used instead of GeoMath.degree (which is now removed), as a result…
    - Java version 1.2 (released 1998-12) or later is now required.
  - Changes to Python package:
    - add unit tests using the unittest framework;
    - fixed bug in normalization of the area.
  - Changes to MATLAB package:
    - fix array size mismatch in geoddistance by avoiding calls to subfunctions with zero-length arrays;
    - fix tranmerc_{fwd,inv} so that they work with arrays and mixed array/scalar arguments;
    - work around Octave problem which causes mgrs_fwd to return garbage with prec = 10 or 11;
    - add geographiclib_test.m to run a test suite.
  - Behavior of substituting 1/f for f if f > 1 is now deprecated. This behavior has been removed from the JavaScript, C, and Python implementations (it was never documented). Maxima, MATLAB, and Fortran implementations never included this behavior.
  - Other changes:
    - fix bug, introduced in version 1.42, in the C++ implementation to the computation of area which causes NaNs to be returned in the case of a sphere;
    - fixed bug, introduced in version 1.44, in the detection of C++11 math functions in configure.ac;
    - throw error on non-convergence in Gnomonic::Reverse if GEOGRAPHICLIB_PRECISION > 3;
    - add geod_polygon_clear to C library;
    - turn illegal latitudes into NaNs for Fortran library;
    - add test suites for the C and Fortran libraries.
- Version 1.44 (released 2015-08-14)
  - Various changes to improve accuracy, e.g., by minimizing round-off errors:
    - Add Math::sincosd, Math::sind, Math::cosd which take their arguments in degrees. These functions do exact range reduction and thus they obey exactly the elementary properties of the trigonometric functions, e.g., sin 9° = cos 81° = − sin 123456789°.
    - Math::AngNormalize now works for any angles, instead of angles in the range [−540°, 540°); the function Math::AngNormalize2 is now deprecated.
    - This means that there is now no restriction on longitudes and azimuths; any values can be used.
    - Improve the accuracy of Math::atan2d.
    - DMS::Decode avoids unnecessary round-off errors; thus 7:33:36 and 7.56 result in identical values. DMS::Encode rounds ties to even. These changes have also been made to DMS.js.
    - More accurate rounding in MGRS::Reverse and mgrs_inv.m; this change only makes a difference at sub-meter precisions.
    - With MGRS::Forward and mgrs_fwd.m, ensure that digits in lower precision results match those at higher precision; as a result, strings of trailing 9s are less likely to be generated. This change only makes a difference at sub-meter precisions.
    - Replace the series for A2 in the Geodesic class with one with smaller truncation errors.
    - Geodesic::Inverse sets s12 to zero for coincident points at pole (instead of returning a tiny quantity).
    - Math::LatFix returns its argument if it is in [−90°, 90°]; if not, it returns NaN.
    - Using Math::LatFix, routines which don't check their arguments now interpret a latitude outside the legal range of [−90°, 90°] as a NaN; such routines will return NaNs instead of finite but incorrect results; caution: code that (dangerously) relied on the "reasonable" results being returned for values of the latitude outside the allowed range will now malfunction.
  - All the Utility programs accept the -w option to swap the latitude-longitude order on input and output (and where appropriate on the command-line arguments). CartConvert now accepts the -p option to set the precision; now all of the utilities except GeoidEval accept -p.
  - Add classes for GARS, the Global Area Reference System, and for Georef, the World Geographic Reference System.
  - Changes to DMS::Decode and DMS.js:
    - tighten up the rules:
      - 30:70.0 and 30:60 are illegal (minutes and second must be strictly less than 60), however
      - 30:60.0 and 30:60. are legal (floating point 60 is OK, since it might have been generated by rounding 59.99…);
    - generalize a+b concept, introduced in version 1.42, to any number of pieces; thus 8+0:40-0:0:10 is interpreted as 8:39:50.
  - Documentation fixes:
    - update man pages to refer to GeoConvert(1) on handling of geographic coordinates;
    - document limitations of the series used for TransverseMercator;
    - hide the documentation of the computation of the gradient of the geoid height (now deprecated) in the Geoid class;
    - warn about the possible misinterpretation of 7.0E+1 by DMS::Decode;
    - swaplatlong optional argument of DMS::DecodeLatLon and various functions in the GeoCoords class is now called longfirst;
    - require Doxygen 1.8.7 or later.
  - More systematic treatment of version numbers:
    - Python: __init__.py defines __version__ and __version_info__;
    - JavaScript:
      - Math.js defines Constants.version and Constants.version_string;
      - version number included as comment in packed script geographiclib.js;
      - geod-calc.html and geod-google.html report the version number;
      - https://geographiclib.sourceforge.io/scripts/ gives access to earlier versions of geographiclib.js as geographiclib-m.nn.js;
    - Fortran: add geover subroutine to return version numbers;
    - Maxima: geodesic.mac defines geod_version;
    - CGI scripts: these report the version numbers of the utilities.
  - BUG FIXES:
    - NormalGravity now works properly for a sphere (omega = f = J2 = 0), instead of returning NaNs (problem found by htallon);
    - CassiniSoldner::Forward and cassini_fwd.m now returns the correct azimuth for points at the pole.
  - MATLAB-specific fixes:
    - mgrs_fwd now treats treats prec > 11 as prec = 11;
    - illegal letter combinations are now correctly detected by mgrs_inv;
    - fixed bug where mgrs_inv returned the wrong results for prec = 0 strings and center = 0;
    - mgrs_inv now decodes prec = 11 strings properly;
    - routines now return array results with the right shape;
    - routines now properly handle mixed scalar and array arguments.
  - Add Accumulator<T>::operator*=(T y).
  - Geohash uses "invalid" instead of "nan" when the latitude or longitude is a nan.
- Version 1.43 (released 2015-05-23)
  - Add the Enhanced Magnetic Model 2015, emm2015. This is valid for 2000 thru the end of 2019. This required some changes in the MagneticModel and MagneticCircle classes; so this model cannot be used with versions of GeographicLib prior to 1.43.
  - Fix BLUNDER in PolarStereographic constructor introduced in version 1.42. This affected UTMUPS conversions for UPS which could be incorrect by up to 0.5 km.
  - Changes in the LONG_NOWRAP option (added in version 1.39) in the Geodesic and GeodesicLine classes:
    - The option is now called LONG_UNROLL (a less negative sounding term); the original name, LONG_NOWRAP, is retained for backwards compatibility.
    - There were two bad BUGS in the implementation of this capability: (a) it gave incorrect results for west-going geodesics; (b) the option was ignored if used directly via the GeodesicLine class. The first bug affected the implementations in all languages. The second affected the implementation in C++ (GeodesicLine and GeodesicLineExact), JavaScript, Java, C, Python. These bugs have now been FIXED.
    - The GeodSolve utility now accepts a -u option, which turns on the LONG_UNROLL treatment. With this option `lon1` is reported as entered and `lon2` is given such that `lon2` − `lon1` indicates how often and in what sense the geodesic has encircled the earth. (This option also affects the value of longitude reported when an inverse calculation is run with the -f option.)
    - The inverse calculation with the JavaScript and Python libraries similarly sets `lon1` and `lon2` in output dictionary respecting the LONG_UNROLL flag.
    - The online version of GeodSolve now offers an option to unroll the longitude.
    - To support these changes DMS::DecodeLatLon no longer reduces the longitude to the range [−180°, 180°) and Math::AngRound now coverts −0 to +0.
  - Add Math::polyval (also to C, Java, JavaScript, Fortran, Python versions of the library; this is a built-in function for MATLAB/Octave). This evaluates a polynomial using Horner's method. The Maxima-generated code fragments for the evaluation of series in the Geodesic, TransverseMercator, and Rhumb classes and MATLAB routines for great ellipses have been replaced by Maxima-generated arrays of polynomial coefficients which are used as input to Math::polyval.
  - Add MGRS::Check() to verify that a, f, kUTM, and kUPS are consistent with the assumptions in the UTMUPS and MGRS classes. This is invoked with `GeoConvert --version`. (This function was added to document and check the assumptions used in the UTMUPS and MGRS classes in case they are extended to deal with ellipsoids other than WS84.)
  - MATLAB function mgrs_inv now takes an optional center argument and strips white space from both beginning and end of the string.
  - Minor internal changes:
    - GeodSolve sets the geodesic mask so that unnecessary calculations are avoided;
    - some routines have migrated into a math class for the Python, Java, and JavaScript libraries.
  - A reminder: because of changes in the installation directories for non-Windows systems introduced in version 1.42, you should remove the following directories from your system:
    - ${CMAKE_INSTALL_PREFIX}/share/cmake/GeographicLib*
    - ${CMAKE_INSTALL_PREFIX}/libexec/GeographicLib/matlab
- Version 1.42 (released 2015-04-28)
  - DMS::Decode allows a single addition or subtraction operation, e.g., 70W+0:0:15. This affects the GeoCoords class and the utilities (which use the DMS class for reading coordinates).
  - Add Math::norm, Math::AngRound, Math::tand, Math::atan2d, Math::eatanhe, Math::taupf, Math::tauf, Math::fma and remove duplicated (but private) functionality from other classes.
  - On non-Windows systems, the cmake config-style find_package files are now installed under ${CMAKE_INSTALL_PREFIX}/lib${LIB_SUFFIX} instead of ${CMAKE_INSTALL_PREFIX}/share, because the files are architecture-specific. This change will let 32-bit and 64-bit versions coexist on the same machine (in lib and lib64). You should remove the versions in the old "share" location.
  - MATLAB changes:
    - provide native MATLAB implementations for compiled interface functions, see wrapper/octave;
    - the compiled MATLAB interface is now deprecated and so the MATLAB_COMPILER option in the cmake build has been removed;
    - reorganize directories, so that
      - matlab/geographiclib contains the native matlab code;
      - matlab/geographiclib-legacy contains wrapper functions to mimic the previous compiled functionality;
    - the installed MATLAB code mirrors this layout, but the parent installation directory on non-Windows systems is ${CMAKE_INSTALL_PREFIX}/share (instead of ${CMAKE_INSTALL_PREFIX}/libexec), because the files are now architecture independent;
    - matlab/geographiclib is now packaged and distributed as MATLAB File Exchange package 50605 (this supersedes three earlier MATLAB packages);
    - point fix for geodarea.m to correct bug in area of polygons which encircle a pole multiple times (released as version 1.41.1 of MATLAB File Exchange package 39108, 2014-04-22).
  - artifactId for Java package changed from GeographicLib to GeographicLib-Java and the package is now deployed to Maven Central (thanks to Chris Bennight for help on this).
  - Fix autoconf mismatch of version numbers (which were inconsistent in versions 1.40 and 1.41).
  - Mark the computation of the gradient of the geoid height in the Geoid class and the GeoidEval utility as deprecated.
  - Work around the boost-quadmath bug with setprecision(0).
  - Deprecate use of Visual Studio 2005 "-vc8" project files in the windows directory.
- Version 1.41 (released 2015-03-09)
  - Fix bug in Rhumb::Inverse (with exact = true) and related functions which causes the wrong distance to be reported if one of the end points is at a pole. Thanks to Thomas Murray for reporting this.
  - Add International Geomagnetic Reference Field (12th generation), igrf12, which approximates the main magnetic field of the earth for the period 1900–2020.
  - Split information about Jacobi's conformal projection to a separate section and include more material.
- Version 1.40 (released 2014-12-18)
  - Add the World Magnetic Model 2015, wmm2015. This is now the default magnetic model for MagneticField (replacing wmm2010 which is valid thru the end of 2014).
  - Geodesic::Inverse didn't return NaN if one of the longitudes was a NaN (bug introduced in version 1.25). Fixed in the C++, Java, JavaScript, C, Fortran, and Python implementations of the geodesic routines. This bug was not present in the MATLAB version.
  - Fix bug in Utility::readarray and Utility::writearray which caused an exception in debug mode with zero-sized arrays.
  - Fix BLUNDER in OSGB::GridReference (found by kalderami) where the wrong result was returned if the easting or northing was negative.
  - OSGB::GridReference now returns "INVALID" if either coordinate is NaN. Similarly a grid reference starting with "IN" results in NaNs for the coordinates.
  - Default constructor for GeoCoords corresponds to an undefined position (latitude and longitude = NaN), instead of the north pole.
  - Add an online version of RhumbSolve at https://geographiclib.sourceforge.io/cgi-bin/RhumbSolve.
  - Additions to the documentation:
    - documentation on Jacobi's conformal projection;
    - a page on Auxiliary latitudes (actually, this was added in version 1.39);
    - document the use of two single quotes to stand for a double quote in DMS (this feature was introduced in version 1.13).
  - The MATLAB function, geographiclibinterface, which compiles the wrapper routines for MATLAB now works with MATLAB on a Mac.
- Version 1.39 (released 2014-11-11)
  - GeographicLib usually normalizes longitudes to the range [−180°, 180°). However, when solving the direct geodesic and rhumb line problems, it is sometimes necessary to know how many lines the line encircled the earth by returning the longitude "unwrapped". So the following changes have been made:
    - add a LONG_NOWRAP flag to mask enums for the outmask arguments for Geodesic, GeodesicLine, Rhumb, and RhumbLine;
    - similar changes have been made to the Python, JavaScript, and Java implementations of the geodesic routines;
    - for the C, Fortran, and MATLAB implementations the arcmode argument to the routines was generalized to allow a combination of ARCMODE and LONG_NOWRAP bits;
    - the Maxima version now returns the longitude unwrapped.
    These changes were necessary to fix the PolygonAreaT::AddEdge (see the next item).
  - Changes in area calculations:
    - fix BUG in PolygonAreaT::AddEdge (also in C, Java, JavaScript, and Python implementations) which sometimes causes the wrong area to be returned if the edge spanned more than 180°;
    - add area calculation to the Rhumb and RhumbLine classes and the RhumbSolve utility (see The area under a rhumb line);
    - add PolygonAreaRhumb typedef for PolygonAreaT<Rhumb>;
    - add -R option to Planimeter to use PolygonAreaRhumb (and -G option for the default geodesic polygon);
    - fix BLUNDER in area calculation in MATLAB routine geodreckon;
    - add area calculation to MATLAB/Octave routines for great ellipses (see The area under a great ellipse).
  - Fix bad BUG in Geohash::Reverse; this was introduced in version 1.37 and affected all platforms where unsigned longs are 32-bits. Thanks to Christian Csar for reporting and diagnosing this.
  - Binary installers for Windows are now built with Visual Studio 11 2012 (instead of Visual Studio 10 2010). Compiled MATLAB support still with version 2013a (64-bit).
  - Update GeographicLib.pro for builds with qmake to include all the source files.
  - Cmake updates:
    - include cross-compiling checks in cmake config file;
    - improve the way unsuitable versions are reported;
    - include_directories (${GeographicLib_INCLUDE_DIRS}) is no longer necessary with cmake 2.8.11 or later.
  - legacy/Fortran now includes drop-in replacements for the geodesic utilities from the NGS.
  - geographiclib-get-{geoids,gravity,magnetic} with no arguments now print the usage instead of loading the minimal sets.
  - Utility::date(const std::string&, int&, int&, int&) and hence the MagneticField utility accepts the string "now" as a legal time (meaning today).
- Version 1.38 (released 2014-10-02)
  - On MacOSX, the installed package is relocatable (for cmake version 2.8.12 and later).
  - On Mac OSX, GeographicLib can be installed using homebrew.
  - In cmake builds under Windows, set the output directories so that binaries and shared libraries are together.
  - Accept the minus sign as a synonym for - in DMS.{cpp,js}.
  - The cmake configuration file geographiclib-depends.cmake has been renamed to geographiclib-targets.cmake.
  - MATLAB/Octave routines for great ellipses added; see Great Ellipses.
  - Provide man pages for geographiclib-get-{geoids,gravity,magnetic}.
- Version 1.37 (released 2014-08-08)
  - Add Support for high precision arithmetic.
  - INCOMPATIBLE CHANGE: the static instantiations of various classes for the WGS84 ellipsoid have been changed to a "construct on first use idiom". This avoids a lot of wasteful initialization before the user's code starts. Unfortunately it means that existing source code that relies on any of the following static variables will need to be changed to a function call:
    - AlbersEqualArea::AzimuthalEqualAreaNorth
    - AlbersEqualArea::AzimuthalEqualAreaSouth
    - AlbersEqualArea::CylindricalEqualArea
    - Ellipsoid::WGS84
    - Geocentric::WGS84
    - Geodesic::WGS84
    - GeodesicExact::WGS84
    - LambertConformalConic::Mercator
    - NormalGravity::GRS80
    - NormalGravity::WGS84
    - PolarStereographic::UPS
    - TransverseMercator::UTM
    - TransverseMercatorExact::UTM
    Thus, occurrences of, for example,
    const Geodesic& geod = Geodesic::WGS84; // version 1.36 and earlier
    GeographicLib::Geodesic::WGS84
    static const Geodesic & WGS84()
    Definition Geodesic.cpp:94
    need to be changed to
    const Geodesic& geod = Geodesic::WGS84(); // version 1.37 and later
    (note the parentheses!); alternatively use
    // works with all versions
    const Geodesic geod(Constants::WGS84_a(), Constants::WGS84_a());
    GeographicLib::Constants::WGS84_a
    static T WGS84_a()
    Definition Constants.hpp:112
  - Incompatible change: the environment variables `{GEOID,GRAVITY,MAGNETIC}_{NAME,PATH}` are now prefixed with `GEOGRAPHICLIB_`.
  - Incompatible change for Windows XP: retire the Windows XP common data path. If you're still using Windows XP, then you might have to move the folder `C:\Documents and Settings\All Users\Application Data\GeographicLib` to `C:\ProgramData\GeographicLib`.
  - All macro names affecting the compilation now start with `GEOGRAPHICLIB_`; this applies to `GEOID_DEFAULT_NAME`, `GRAVITY_DEFAULT_NAME`, `MAGNETIC_DEFAULT_NAME`, `PGM_PIXEL_WIDTH`, `HAVE_LONG_DOUBLE`, `STATIC_ASSERT`, `WORDS_BIGENDIAN`.
  - Changes to PolygonArea:
    - introduce PolygonAreaT which takes a geodesic class as a parameter;
    - PolygonArea and PolygonAreaExact are typedef'ed to PolygonAreaT<Geodesic> and PolygonAreaT<GeodesicExact>;
    - add -E option to Planimeter to use PolygonAreaExact;
    - add -Q option to Planimeter to calculate the area on the authalic sphere.
  - Add -p option to Planimeter, ConicProj, GeodesicProj, TransverseMercatorProj.
  - Add Rhumb and RhumbLine classes and the RhumbSolve utility; see Rhumb lines for more information.
  - Minor changes to NormalGravity:
    - add NormalGravity::J2ToFlattening and NormalGravity::FlatteningToJ2;
    - use Newton's method to determine f from J2;
    - in constructor, allow omega = 0 (i.e., treat the spherical case).
  - Add grs80 GravityModel, see Gravity models.
  - Make geographiclib-get-{geoids,gravity,magnetic} scripts work on MacOS.
  - Minor changes:
    - simplify cross-platform support for C++11 mathematical functions;
    - change way area coefficients are given in GeodesicExact to improve compile times;
    - enable searching the online documentation;
    - add macros `GEOGRAPHICLIB_VERSION` and `GEOGRAPHICLIB_VERSION_NUM`;
    - add solution and project files for Visual Studio Express 2010.
- Version 1.36 (released 2014-05-13)
  - Changes to comply with NGA's prohibition of the use of the upper-case letters N/S to designate the hemisphere when displaying UTM/UPS coordinates:
    - UTMUPS::DecodeZone allows north/south as hemisphere designators (in addition to n/s);
    - UTMUPS::EncodeZone now encodes the hemisphere in lower case (to distinguish this use from a grid zone designator);
    - UTMUPS::EncodeZone takes an optional parameter abbrev to indicate whether to use n/s or north/south as the hemisphere designator;
    - GeoCoords::UTMUPSRepresentation and GeoCoords::AltUTMUPSRepresentation similarly accept the abbrev parameter;
    - GeoConvert uses the flags -a and -l to govern whether UTM/UPS output uses n/s (the -a flag) or north/south (the -l flag) to denote the hemisphere;
    - Fixed a bug what allowed +3N to be accepted as an alternative UTM zone designation (instead of 3N).
    WARNING: The use of lower case n/s for the hemisphere might cause compatibility problems. However DecodeZone has always accepted either case; so the issue will only arise with other software reading the zone information. To avoid possible misinterpretation of the zone designator, consider calling EncodeZone with abbrev = false and GeoConvert with -l, so that north/south are used to denote the hemisphere.
  - MGRS::Forward with prec = −1 will produce a grid zone designation. Similarly MGRS::Reverse will decode a grid zone designation (and return prec = −1).
  - Stop using the throw() declaration specification which is deprecated in C++11.
  - Add missing std:: qualifications to copy in LocalCartesion and Geocentric headers (bug found by Clemens).
- Version 1.35 (released 2014-03-13)
  - Fix blunder in UTMUPS::EncodeEPSG (found by Ben Adler).
  - MATLAB wrapper routines geodesic{direct,inverse,line} switch to "exact" routes if |f| > 0.02.
  - GeodSolve.cgi allows ellipsoid to be set (and uses the -E option for GeodSolve).
  - Set title in HTML versions of man pages for the Utility programs.
  - Changes in cmake support:
    - add _d to names of executables in debug mode of Visual Studio;
    - add support for Android (cmake-only), thanks to Pullan Yu;
    - check CPACK version numbers supplied on command line;
    - configured version of project-config.cmake.in is project-config.cmake (instead of geographiclib-config.cmake), to prevent find_package incorrectly using this file;
    - fix tests with multi-line output;
    - this release includes a file, pom.xml, which is used by an experimental build system (based on maven) at SRI.
- Version 1.34 (released 2013-12-11)
  - Many changes in cmake support:
    - minimum version of cmake needed increased to 2.8.4 (which was released in 2011-02);
    - allow building both shared and static libraries with `-D GEOGRAPHICLIB_LIB_TYPE=BOTH`;
    - both shared and static libraries (Release plus Debug) included in binary installer;
    - find_package uses COMPONENTS and GeographicLib_USE_STATIC_LIBS to select the library to use;
    - find_package version checking allows nmake and Visual Studio generators to interoperate on Windows;
    - find_package (GeographicLib …) requires that GeographicLib be capitalized correctly;
    - on Unix/Linux, don't include the version number in directory for the cmake configuration files;
    - defaults for GEOGRAPHICLIB_DOCUMENTATION and BUILD_NETGEOGRAPHICLIB are now OFF;
    - the GEOGRAPHICLIB_EXAMPLES configuration parameter is no longer used; cmake always configures to build the examples, but they are not built by default (instead build targets: exampleprograms and netexamples);
    - matlab-all target renamed to matlabinterface;
    - the configuration parameters PACKAGE_PATH and INSTALL_PATH are now deprecated (use CMAKE_INSTALL_PREFIX instead);
    - on Linux, the installed package is relocatable;
    - on MacOSX, the installed utilities can find the shared library.
  - Use a more precise value for OSGB::CentralScale().
  - Add Arc routines to Python interface.
  - The Geod utility has been removed; the same functionality lives on with GeodSolve (introduced in version 1.30).
- Version 1.33 (released 2013-10-08)
  - Add NETGeographic .NET wrapper library (courtesy of Scott Heiman).
  - Make inspector functions in Ellipsoid const.
  - Add Accumulator.cpp to instantiate Accumulator.
  - Defer some of the initialization of OSGB to when it is first called.
  - Fix bug in autoconf builds under MacOS.
- Version 1.32 (released 2013-07-12)
  - Generalize C interface for polygon areas to allow vertices to be specified incrementally.
  - Fix way flags for C++11 support are determined.
- Version 1.31 (released 2013-07-01)
  - Changes breaking binary compatibility (source compatibility is maintained):
    - overloaded versions of DMS::Encode, EllipticFunction::EllipticFunction, and GeoCoords::DMSRepresentation, have been eliminated by the use of optional arguments;
    - correct the declaration of first arg to UTMUPS::DecodeEPSG.
  - FIX BUG in GravityCircle constructor (found by Mathieu Peyréga) which caused bogus results for the gravity disturbance and gravity anomaly vectors. (This only affected calculations using GravityCircle. GravityModel calculations did not suffer from this bug.)
  - Improvements to the build:
    - add macros GEOGRAPHICLIB_VERSION_{MAJOR,MINOR,PATCH} to Config.h;
    - fix documentation for new version of perlpod;
    - improving setting of runtime path for Unix-like systems with cmake;
    - install PDB files when compiling with Visual Studio to aid debugging;
    - Windows binary release now uses MATLAB R2013a (64-bit) and uses the -largeArrayDims option.
    - fixes to the way the MATLAB interface routines are built (thanks to Phil Miller and Chris F.).
  - Changes to the geodesic routines:
    - add Java implementation of the geodesic routines (thanks to Skip Breidbach for the maven support);
    - FIX BUG: avoid altering input args in Fortran implementation;
    - more systematic treatment of very short geodesic;
    - fixes to Python port so that they work with version 3.x, in addition to 2.x (courtesy of Amato);
    - accumulate the perimeter and area of polygons via a double-wide accumulator in Fortran, C, and MATLAB implementations (this is already included in the other implementations);
    - port PolygonArea::AddEdge and PolygonArea::TestEdge to JavaScript and Python interfaces;
    - include documentation on Short geodesics.
  - Unix scripts for downloading datasets, geographiclib-get-{geoids,gravity,magnetic}, skip already download models by default, unless the -f flag is given.
  - FIX BUGS: meridian convergence and scale returned by TransverseMercatorExact was wrong at a pole.
  - Improve efficiency of MGRS::Forward by avoiding the calculation of the latitude if possible (adapting an idea of Craig Rollins).
- Version 1.30 (released 2013-02-27)
  - Changes to geodesic routines:
    - FIX BUG in fail-safe mechanisms in Geodesic::Inverse;
    - the command line utility Geod is now called GeodSolve;
    - allow addition of polygon edges in PolygonArea;
    - add full Maxima implementation of geodesic algorithms.
- Version 1.29 (released 2013-01-16)
  - Changes to allow compilation with libc++ (courtesy of Kal Conley).
  - Add description of Geodesics on a triaxial ellipsoid to documentation.
  - Update journal reference for "Algorithms for geodesics".
- Version 1.28 (released 2012-12-11)
  - Changes to geodesic routines:
    - compute longitude difference exactly;
    - hence FIX BUG in area calculations for polygons with vertices very close to the prime meridian;
    - FIX BUG is geoddistance.m where the value of m12 was wrong for meridional geodesics;
    - add MATLAB implementations of the geodesic projections;
    - remove unneeded special code for geodesics which start at a pole;
    - include polygon area routine in C and Fortran implementations;
    - add doxygen documentation for C and Fortran libraries.
- Version 1.27 (released 2012-11-29)
  - Changes to geodesic routines:
    - add native MATLAB implementations: geoddistance.m, geodreckon.m, geodarea.m;
    - add C and Fortran implementations;
    - improve the solution of the direct problem so that the series solution is accurate to round off for |f| < 1/50;
    - tighten up the convergence criteria for solution of the inverse problem;
    - no longer signal failures of convergence with NaNs (a slightly less accurate answer is returned instead).
  - Fix DMS::Decode double rounding BUG.
  - On MacOSX platforms with the cmake configuration, universal binaries are built.
- Version 1.26 (released 2012-10-22)
  - Replace the series used for geodesic areas by one with better convergence (this only makes an appreciable difference if |f| > 1/150).
- Version 1.25 (released 2012-10-16)
  - Changes to geodesic calculations:
    - restart Newton's method in Geodesic::Inverse when it goes awry;
    - back up Newton's method with the bisection method;
    - Geodesic::Inverse now converges for any value of f;
    - add GeodesicExact and GeodesicLineExact which are formulated in terms of elliptic integrals and thus yield accurate results even for very eccentric ellipsoids;
    - the -E option to Geod invokes these exact classes.
  - Add functionality to EllipticFunction:
    - add all the traditional elliptic integrals;
    - remove restrictions on argument range for incomplete elliptic integrals;
    - allow imaginary modulus for elliptic integrals and elliptic functions;
    - make interface to the symmetric elliptic integrals public.
  - Allow Ellipsoid to be copied.
  - Changes to the build tools:
    - cmake uses folders in Visual Studio to reduce clutter;
    - allow precision of reals to be set in cmake;
    - fail gracefully in the absence of pod documentation tools;
    - remove support for maintainer tasks in Makefile.mk;
    - upgrade to automake 1.11.6 to fix the "make distcheck" security vulnerability; see https://cve.mitre.org/cgi-bin/cvename.cgi?name=CVE-2012-3386
- Version 1.24 (released 2012-09-22)
  - Allow the specification of the hemisphere in UTM coordinates in order to provide continuity across the equator:
    - add UTMUPS::Transfer;
    - add GeoCoords::UTMUPSRepresentation(bool, int) and GeoCoords::AltUTMUPSRepresentation(bool, int);
    - use the hemisphere letter in, e.g., GeoConvert -u -z 31n.
  - Add UTMUPS::DecodeEPSG and UTMUPS::EncodeEPSG.
  - cmake changes:
    - restore support for cmake 2.4.x;
    - explicitly check version of doxygen.
  - Fix building under cygwin.
  - Document restrictions on f in Introduction.
  - Fix Python interface to work with version 2.6.x.
- Version 1.23 (released 2012-07-17)
  - Documentation changes:
    - remove html documentation from distribution and use web links if doxygen is not available;
    - use doxygen tags to document exceptions;
    - begin migrating the documentation to using Greek letters where appropriate (requires doxygen 1.8.1.2 or later).
  - Add Math::AngNormalize and Math::AngNormalize2; the allowed range for longitudes and azimuths widened to [−540°, 540°).
  - DMS::Decode understands more unicode symbols.
  - Geohash uses geohash code "nan" to stand for not a number.
  - Add Ellipsoid::NormalCurvatureRadius.
  - Various fixes in LambertConformalConic, TransverseMercator, PolarStereographic, and Ellipsoid to handle reverse projections of points near infinity.
  - Fix programming blunder in LambertConformalConic::Forward (incorrect results were returned if the tangent latitude was negative).
- Version 1.22 (released 2012-05-27)
  - Add Geohash and Ellipsoid classes.
  - FIX BUG in AlbersEqualArea for very prolate ellipsoids (b2 > 2 a2).
  - cmake changes:
    - optionally use PACKAGE_PATH and INSTALL_PATH to determine CMAKE_INSTALL_PREFIX;
    - use COMMON_INSTALL_PATH to determine layout of installation directories;
    - as a consequence, the installation paths for the documentation, and Python and MATLAB interfaces are shortened for Windows;
    - zip source distribution now uses DOS line endings;
    - the tests work in debug mode for Windows;
    - default setting of GEOGRAPHICLIB_DATA does not depend on CMAKE_INSTALL_PREFIX;
    - add a cmake configuration for build tree.
- Version 1.21 (released 2012-04-25)
  - Support colon-separated DMS output:
    - DMS::Encode and GeoCoords::DMSRepresentation generalized;
    - GeoConvert and Geod now accept a -: option.
  - GeoidEval does not print the gradient of the geoid height by default (because it's subject to large errors); give the -g option to get the gradient printed.
  - Work around optimization BUG in Geodesic::Inverse with tdm mingw g++ version 4.6.1.
  - autoconf fixed to ensure that that out-of-sources builds work; document this as the preferred method of using autoconf.
  - cmake tweaks:
    - simplify the configuration of doxygen;
    - allow the MATLAB compiler to be specified with the MATLAB_COMPILER option.
- Version 1.20 (released 2012-03-23)
  - cmake tweaks:
    - improve find_package's matching of compiler versions;
    - CMAKE_INSTALL_PREFIX set from CMAKE_PREFIX_PATH if available;
    - add "x64" to the package name for the 64-bit binary installer;
    - fix cmake warning with Visual Studio Express.
  - Fix SphericalEngine to deal with aggressive iterator checking by Visual Studio.
  - Fix transcription BUG is Geodesic.js.
- Version 1.19 (released 2012-03-13)
  - Slight improvement in Geodesic::Inverse for very short lines.
  - Fix argument checking tests in MGRS::Forward.
  - Add --comment-delimiter and --line-separator options to the Utility programs.
  - Add installer for 64-bit Windows; the compiled MATLAB interface is supplied with the Windows 64-bit installer only.
- Version 1.18 (released 2012-02-18)
  - Improve documentation on configuration with cmake.
  - cmake's find_package ensures that the compiler versions match on Windows.
  - Improve documentation on compiling MATLAB interface.
  - Binary installer for Windows installs under C:/pkg-vc10 by default.
- Version 1.17 (released 2012-01-21)
  - Work around optimization BUG in Geodesic::Inverse with g++ version 4.4.0 (mingw).
  - Fix BUG in argument checking with OSGB::GridReference.
  - Fix missing include file in SphericalHarmonic2.
  - Add simple examples of usage for each class.
  - Add internal documentation to the cmake configuration files.
- Version 1.16 (released 2011-12-07)
  - Add calculation of the earth's gravitational field:
    - add NormalGravity GravityModel and GravityCircle classes;
    - add command line utility Gravity;
    - add Gravity models;
    - add Constants::WGS84_GM(), Constants::WGS84_omega(), and similarly for GRS80.
  - Build uses GEOGRAPHICLIB_DATA to specify a common parent directory for geoid, gravity, and magnetic data (instead of GEOGRAPHICLIB_GEOID_PATH, etc.); similarly, GeoidEval, Gravity, and MagneticField, look at the environment variable GEOGRAPHICLIB_DATA to locate the data.
  - Spherical harmonic software changes:
    - capitalize enums SphericalHarmonic::FULL and SphericalHarmonic::SCHMIDT (the lower case names are retained but deprecated);
    - optimize the sum by using a static table of square roots which is updated by SphericalEngine::RootTable;
    - avoid overflow for high degree models.
  - Magnetic software fixes:
    - fix documentation BUG in MagneticModel::Circle;
    - make MagneticModel constructor explicit;
    - provide default MagneticCircle constructor;
    - add additional inspector functions to MagneticCircle;
    - add -c option to MagneticField;
    - default height to zero in MagneticField.
- Version 1.15 (released 2011-11-08)
  - Add calculation of the earth's magnetic field:
    - add MagneticModel and MagneticCircle classes;
    - add command line utility MagneticField;
    - add Magnetic models;
    - add Installing the magnetic field models;
    - add The format of the magnetic model files;
    - add classes SphericalEngine, CircularEngine, SphericalHarmonic, SphericalHarmonic1, and SphericalHarmonic2. which sum spherical harmonic series.
  - Add Utility class to support I/O and date manipulation.
  - Cmake configuration includes a _d suffix on the library built in debug mode.
  - For the Python package, include manifest and readme files; don't install setup.py for non-Windows systems.
  - Include Doxygen tag file in distribution as doc/html/Geographic.tag.
- Version 1.14 (released 2011-09-30)
  - Ensure that geographiclib-config.cmake is relocatable.
  - Allow more unicode symbols to be used in DMS::Decode.
  - Modify GeoidEval so that it can be used to convert the height datum for LIDAR data.
  - Modest speed-up of Geodesic::Inverse.
  - Changes in Python interface:
    - FIX BUG in transcription of Geodesic::Inverse;
    - include setup.py for easy installation;
    - Python only distribution is available at https://pypi.python.org/pypi/geographiclib
  - Supply a minimal Qt qmake project file for library src/Geographic.pro.
- Version 1.13 (released 2011-08-13)
  - Changes to I/O:
    - allow : (colon) to be used as a DMS separator in DMS::Decode(const std::string&, flag&);
    - also accept Unicode symbols for degrees, minutes, and seconds (coded as UTF-8);
    - provide optional swaplatlong argument to various DMS and GeoCoords functions to make longitude precede latitude;
    - GeoConvert now has a -w option to make longitude precede latitude on input and output;
    - include a JavaScript version of DMS.
  - Slight improvement in starting guess for solution of geographic latitude in terms of conformal latitude in TransverseMercator, TransverseMercatorExact, and LambertConformalConic.
  - For most classes, get rid of const member variables so that the default copy assignment works.
  - Put Math and Accumulator in their own header files.
  - Remove unused "fast" Accumulator method.
  - Reorganize wrapper/python.
  - Withdraw some deprecated routines.
  - cmake changes:
    - include FindGeographic.cmake in distribution;
    - building with cmake creates and installs geographiclib-config.cmake;
    - better support for building a shared library under Windows.
- Version 1.12 (released 2011-07-21)
  - Change license to MIT/X11.
  - Add PolygonArea class and equivalent MATLAB function.
  - Provide JavaScript and Python implementations of geodesic routines.
  - Fix Windows installer to include runtime dlls for MATLAB.
  - Fix (innocuous) unassigned variable in Geodesic::GenInverse.
  - Geodesic routines in MATLAB return a12 as first column of aux return value (incompatible change).
  - A couple of code changes to enable compilation with Visual Studio 2003.
- Version 1.11 (released 2011-06-27)
  - Changes to Planimeter:
    - add -l flag to Planimeter for polyline calculations;
    - trim precision of area to 3 decimal places;
    - FIX BUG with pole crossing edges (due to compiler optimization).
  - Geod no longer reports the reduced length by default; however the -f flag still reports this and in addition gives the geodesic scales and the geodesic area.
  - FIX BUGS (compiler-specific) in inverse geodesic calculations.
  - FIX BUG: accommodate tellg() returning −1 at end of string.
  - Change way flattening of the ellipsoid is specified:
    - constructors take f argument which is taken to be the flattening if f < 1 and the inverse flattening otherwise (this is a compatible change for spheres and oblate ellipsoids, but it is an INCOMPATIBLE change for prolate ellipsoids);
    - the -e arguments to the Utility programs are handled similarly; in addition, simple fractions, e.g., 1/297, can be used for the flattening;
    - introduce Constants::WGS84_f() for the WGS84 flattening (and deprecate Constants::WGS84_r() for the inverse flattening);
    - most classes have a Flattening() member function;
    - InverseFlattening() has been deprecated (and now returns inf for a sphere, instead of 0).
- Version 1.10 (released 2011-06-11)
  - Improvements to MATLAB/Octave interface:
    - add {geocentric,localcartesian}{forward,reverse};
    - make geographiclibinterface more general;
    - install the source for the interface;
    - cmake compiles the interface if ENABLE_MATLAB=ON;
    - include compiled interface with Windows binary installer.
  - Fix various configuration issues
    - autoconf did not install Config.h;
    - cmake installed in man/man1 instead of share/man/man1;
    - cmake did not set the rpath on the tools.
- Version 1.9 (released 2011-05-28)
  - FIX BUG in area returned by Planimeter for pole encircling polygons.
  - FIX BUG in error message reported when DMS::Decode reads the string "5d.".
  - FIX BUG in AlbersEqualArea::Reverse (lon0 not being used).
  - Ensure that all exceptions thrown in the Utility programs are caught.
  - Avoid using catch within DMS.
  - Move Accumulator class from Planimeter.cpp to Constants.hpp.
  - Add Math::sq<T>.
  - Simplify Installing the geoid datasets
    - add geographiclib-get-geoids for Unix-like systems;
    - add installers for Windows.
  - Provide cmake support:
    - build binary installer for Windows;
    - include regression tests;
    - add --input-string, --input-file, --output-file options to the Utility programs to support tests.
  - Rename utility EquidistantTest as GeodesicProj and TransverseMercatorTest as TransverseMercatorProj.
  - Add ConicProj.
  - Reverse the initial sense of the -s option for Planimeter.
  - Migrate source from subversion to git.
- Version 1.8 (released 2011-02-22)
  - Optionally return rotation matrix from Geocentric and LocalCartesian.
  - For the Utility programs, supply man pages, -h prints the synopsis, --help prints the man page, --version prints the version.
  - Use accurate summation in Planimeter.
  - Add 64-bit targets for Visual Studio 2010.
  - Use templates for defining math functions and some constants.
  - Geoid updates
    - Add Geoid::DefaultGeoidPath and Geoid::DefaultGeoidName;
    - GeoidEval uses environment variable GEOGRAPHICLIB_GEOID_NAME as the default geoid;
    - Add --msltohae and --haetomsl as GeoidEval options (and don't document the single hyphen versions).
  - Remove documentation that duplicates papers on transverse Mercator and geodesics.
- Version 1.7 (released 2010-12-21)
  - FIX BUG in scale returned by LambertConformalConic::Reverse.
  - Add AlbersEqualArea projection.
  - Library created by Visual Studio is Geographic.lib instead of GeographicLib.lib (compatible with makefiles).
  - Make classes NaN aware.
  - Use cell arrays for MGRS strings in MATLAB.
  - Add solution/project files for Visual Studio 2010 (32-bit only).
  - Use C++11 static_assert and math functions, if available.
- Version 1.6 (released 2010-11-23)
  - FIX BUG introduced in Geoid in version 1.5 (found by Dave Edwards).
- Version 1.5 (released 2010-11-19)
  - Improve area calculations for small polygons.
  - Add -s and -r flags to Planimeter.
  - Improve the accuracy of LambertConformalConic using divided differences.
  - FIX BUG in meridian convergence returned by LambertConformalConic::Forward.
  - Add optional threadsafe parameter to Geoid constructor. WARNING: This changes may break binary compatibility with previous versions of GeographicLib. However, the library is source compatible.
  - Add OSGB.
  - MATLAB and Octave interfaces to UTMUPS, MGRS, Geoid, Geodesic provided.
  - Minor changes
    - explicitly turn on optimization in Visual Studio 2008 projects;
    - add missing dependencies in some Makefiles;
    - move pi() and degree() from Constants to Math;
    - introduce Math::extended type to aid testing;
    - add Math::epi() and Math::edegree().
    - fixes to compile under cygwin;
    - tweak expression used to find latitude from conformal latitude.
- Version 1.4 (released 2010-09-12)
  - Changes to Geodesic and GeodesicLine:
    - FIX BUG in Geodesic::Inverse with prolate ellipsoids;
    - add area computations to Geodesic::Direct and Geodesic::Inverse;
    - add geodesic areas to geodesic test set;
    - make GeodesicLine constructor public;
    - change longitude series in Geodesic into Helmert-like form;
    - ensure that equatorial geodesics have cos(alpha0) = 0 identically;
    - generalize interface for Geodesic and GeodesicLine;
    - split GeodesicLine and Geodesic into different files;
    - signal convergence failure in Geodesic::Inverse with NaNs;
    - deprecate one function in Geodesic and two functions in GeodesicLine;
    - deprecate -n option for Geod.
    WARNING: These changes may break binary compatibility with previous versions of GeographicLib. However, the library is source compatible (with the proviso that GeographicLib/GeodesicLine.hpp may now need to be included).
  - Add the Planimeter utility for computing the areas of geodesic polygons.
  - Improve iterative solution of Gnomonic::Reverse.
  - Add Geoid::ConvertHeight.
  - Add -msltohae, -haetomsl, and -z options to GeoidEval.
  - Constructors check that minor radius is positive.
  - Add overloaded Forward and Reverse functions to the projection classes which don't return the convergence (or azimuth) and scale.
  - Document function parameters and return values consistently.
- Version 1.3 (released 2010-07-21)
  - Add Gnomonic, the ellipsoid generalization of the gnomonic projection.
  - Add -g and -e options to EquidistantTest.
  - Use fixed-point notation for output from CartConvert, EquidistantTest, TransverseMercatorTest.
  - PolarStereographic:
    - Improved conversion to conformal coordinates;
    - Fix bug with scale at opposite pole;
    - Complain if latitude out of range in SetScale.
  - Add Math::NaN().
  - Add long double version of hypot for Windows.
  - Add EllipticFunction::E(real).
  - Update references to Geotrans in MGRS documentation.
  - Speed up tmseries.mac.
- Version 1.2 (released 2010-05-21)
  - FIX BUGS in Geodesic,
    - wrong azimuth returned by Direct if point 2 is on a pole;
    - Inverse sometimes fails with very close points.
  - Improve calculation of scale in CassiniSoldner,
    - add GeodesicLine::Scale, GeodesicLine::EquatorialAzimuth, and GeodesicLine::EquatorialArc;
    - break friend connection between CassiniSoldner and Geodesic.
  - Add DMS::DecodeAngle and DMS::DecodeAzimuth. Extend DMS::Decode and DMS::Encode to deal with distances.
  - Code and documentation changes in Geodesic and Geocentric for consistency with the forthcoming paper on geodesics.
  - Increase order of series using in Geodesic to 6 (full accuracy maintained for ellipsoid flattening < 0.01).
  - Macro __NO_LONG_DOUBLE_MATH to disable use of long double.
  - Correct declaration of Math::isfinite to return a bool.
  - Changes in the Utility programs,
    - improve error reporting when parsing command line arguments;
    - accept latitudes and longitudes in decimal degrees or degrees, minutes, and seconds, with optional hemisphere designators;
    - GeoConvert -z accepts zone or zone+hemisphere;
    - GeoidEval accepts any of the input formats used by GeoConvert;
    - CartConvert allows the ellipsoid to be specified with -e.
- Version 1.1 (released 2010-02-09)
  - FIX BUG (introduced in 2009-03) in EllipticFunction::E(sn,cn,dn).
  - Increase accuracy of scale calculation in TransverseMercator and TransverseMercatorExact.
  - Code and documentation changes for consistency with arXiv:1002.1417
- Version 1.0 (released 2010-01-07)
  - Add autoconf configuration files.
  - BUG FIX: Improve initial guess for Newton's method in PolarStereographic::Reverse. (Previously this failed to converge when the co-latitude exceeded about 130 deg.)
  - Constructors for TransverseMercator, TransverseMercatorExact, PolarStereographic, Geocentric, and Geodesic now check for obvious problems with their arguments and throw an exception if necessary.
  - Most classes now include inspector functions such as MajorRadius() so that you can determine how instances were constructed.
  - Add LambertConformalConic class.
  - Add PolarStereographic::SetScale to allow the latitude of true scale to be specified.
  - Add solution and project files for Visual Studio 2008.
  - Add GeographicErr for exceptions.
  - Geoid changes:
    - BUG FIX: fix typo in Geoid::Cache which could cause a segmentation fault in some cases when the cached area spanned the prime meridian.
    - Include sufficient edge data to allow heights to be returned for cached area without disk reads;
    - Add inspector functions to query the extent of the cache.
- Version 2009-11 (released 2009-11-03)
  - Allow specification of "closest UTM zone" in UTMUPS and GeoConvert (via -t option).
  - Utilities now complain is there are too many tokens on input lines.
  - Include real-to-real versions of DMS::Decode and DMS::Encode.
  - More house-cleaning changes:
    - Ensure that functions which return results through reference arguments do not alter the arguments when an exception is thrown.
    - Improve accuracy of MGRS::Forward.
    - Include more information in some error messages.
    - Improve accuracy of inverse hyperbolic functions.
    - Fix the way Math functions handle different precisions.
- Version 2009-10 (released 2009-10-18)
  - Change web site to https://geographiclib.sourceforge.io
  - Several house-cleaning changes:
    - Change from the a flat directory structure to a more easily maintained one.
    - Introduce Math class for common mathematical functions (in Constants.hpp).
    - Use Math::real as the type for all real quantities. By default this is typedef'ed to double; and the library should be installed this way.
    - Eliminate const reference members of AzimuthalEquidistant, CassiniSoldner and LocalCartesian so that they may be copied.
    - Make several constructors explicit. Disallow some constructors. Disallow copy constructor/assignment for Geoid.
    - Document least squares formulas in Geoid.cpp.
    - Use unsigned long long for files positions of geoid files in Geoid.
    - Introduce optional mgrslimits argument in UTMUPS::Forward and UTMUPS::Reverse to enforce stricter MGRS limits on eastings and northings.
    - Add 64-bit targets in Visual Studio project files.
- Version 2009-09 (released 2009-09-01)
  - Add Geoid and GeoidEval utility.
- Version 2009-08 (released 2009-08-14)
  - Add CassiniSoldner class and EquidistantTest utility.
  - Fix bug in Geodesic::Inverse where NaNs were sometimes returned.
  - INCOMPATIBLE CHANGE: AzimuthalEquidistant now returns the reciprocal of the azimuthal scale instead of the reduced length.
  - Add -n option to GeoConvert.
- Version 2009-07 (released 2009-07-16)
  - Speed up the series inversion code in tmseries.mac and geod.mac.
  - Reference Borkowski in section on Geocentric coordinates.
- Version 2009-06 (released 2009-06-01)
  - Add routines to decode and encode zone+hemisphere to UTMUPS.
  - Clean up code in Geodesic.
- Version 2009-05 (released 2009-05-01)
  - Improvements to Geodesic:
    - more economical series expansions,
    - return reduced length (as does the Geod utility),
    - improved calculation of starting point for inverse method,
    - use reduced length to give derivative for Newton's method.
  - Add AzimuthalEquidistant class.
  - Make Geocentric, TransverseMercator, and PolarStereographic classes work with prolate ellipsoids.
  - CartConvert checks its inputs more carefully.
  - Remove reference to defunct Constants.cpp from GeographicLib.vcproj.
- Version 2009-04 (released 2009-04-01)
  - Use compile-time constants to select the order of series in TransverseMercator.
  - 2x unroll of Clenshaw summation to avoid data shuffling.
  - Simplification of EllipticFunction::E.
  - Use STATIC_ASSERT for compile-time checking of constants.
  - Improvements to Geodesic:
    - compile-time option to change order of series used,
    - post Maxima code for generating the series,
    - tune the order of series for double,
    - improvements in the selection of starting points for Newton's method,
    - accept and return spherical arc lengths,
    - works with both oblate and prolate ellipsoids,
    - add -a, -e, -b options to the Geod utility.
- Version 2009-03 (released 2009-03-01)
  - Add Geodesic and the Geod utility.
  - Declare when no exceptions are thrown by functions.
  - Minor changes to DMS class.
  - Use invf = 0 to mean a sphere in constructors to some classes.
  - The makefile creates a library and includes an install target.
  - Rename ECEF to Geocentric, ECEFConvert to CartConvert.
  - Use inline functions to define constant doubles in Constants.hpp.
- Version 2009-02 (released 2009-01-30)
  - Fix documentation of constructors (flattening → inverse flattening).
  - Use std versions of math functions.
  - Add ECEF and LocalCartesian classes and the ECEFConvert utility.
  - Gather the documentation on the Utility programs onto one page.
- Version 2009-01 (released 2009-01-12)
  - First proper release of library.
  - More robust TransverseMercatorExact:
    - Introduce extendp version of constructor,
    - Test against extended test data,
    - Optimize starting positions for Newton's method,
    - Fix behavior near all singularities,
    - Fix order dependence in C++ start-up code,
    - Improved method of computing scale and convergence.
  - Documentation on transverse Mercator projection.
  - Add MGRS, UTMUPS, etc.
- Version 2008-09
  - Ad hoc posting of information on the transverse Mercator projection.

Back to Support for high precision arithmetic. Up to Contents.