"""Core implementation of the testing process: init, session, runtest loop."""

from __future__ import annotations

import argparse
from collections.abc import Callable
from collections.abc import Iterable
from collections.abc import Iterator
from collections.abc import Sequence
from collections.abc import Set as AbstractSet
import dataclasses
import fnmatch
import functools
import importlib
import importlib.util
import os
from pathlib import Path
import sys
from typing import final
from typing import Literal
from typing import overload
from typing import TYPE_CHECKING
import warnings

import pluggy

from _pytest import nodes
import _pytest._code
from _pytest.config import Config
from _pytest.config import directory_arg
from _pytest.config import ExitCode
from _pytest.config import hookimpl
from _pytest.config import PytestPluginManager
from _pytest.config import UsageError
from _pytest.config.argparsing import OverrideIniAction
from _pytest.config.argparsing import Parser
from _pytest.config.compat import PathAwareHookProxy
from _pytest.outcomes import exit
from _pytest.pathlib import absolutepath
from _pytest.pathlib import bestrelpath
from _pytest.pathlib import fnmatch_ex
from _pytest.pathlib import safe_exists
from _pytest.pathlib import samefile_nofollow
from _pytest.pathlib import scandir
from _pytest.reports import CollectReport
from _pytest.reports import TestReport
from _pytest.runner import collect_one_node
from _pytest.runner import SetupState
from _pytest.warning_types import PytestWarning


if TYPE_CHECKING:
    from typing_extensions import Self

    from _pytest.fixtures import FixtureManager


def pytest_addoption(parser: Parser) -> None:
    group = parser.getgroup("general")
    group._addoption(  # private to use reserved lower-case short option
        "-x",
        "--exitfirst",
        action="store_const",
        dest="maxfail",
        const=1,
        help="Exit instantly on first error or failed test",
    )
    group.addoption(
        "--maxfail",
        metavar="num",
        action="store",
        type=int,
        dest="maxfail",
        default=0,
        help="Exit after first num failures or errors",
    )
    group.addoption(
        "--strict-config",
        action=OverrideIniAction,
        ini_option="strict_config",
        ini_value="true",
        help="Enables the strict_config option",
    )
    group.addoption(
        "--strict-markers",
        action=OverrideIniAction,
        ini_option="strict_markers",
        ini_value="true",
        help="Enables the strict_markers option",
    )
    group.addoption(
        "--strict",
        action=OverrideIniAction,
        ini_option="strict",
        ini_value="true",
        help="Enables the strict option",
    )
    parser.addini(
        "strict_config",
        "Any warnings encountered while parsing the `pytest` section of the "
        "configuration file raise errors",
        type="bool",
        # None => fallback to `strict`.
        default=None,
    )
    parser.addini(
        "strict_markers",
        "Markers not registered in the `markers` section of the configuration "
        "file raise errors",
        type="bool",
        # None => fallback to `strict`.
        default=None,
    )
    parser.addini(
        "strict",
        "Enables all strictness options, currently: "
        "strict_config, strict_markers, strict_xfail, strict_parametrization_ids",
        type="bool",
        default=False,
    )

    group = parser.getgroup("pytest-warnings")
    group.addoption(
        "-W",
        "--pythonwarnings",
        action="append",
        help="Set which warnings to report, see -W option of Python itself",
    )
    parser.addini(
        "filterwarnings",
        type="linelist",
        help="Each line specifies a pattern for "
        "warnings.filterwarnings. "
        "Processed after -W/--pythonwarnings.",
    )

    group = parser.getgroup("collect", "collection")
    group.addoption(
        "--collectonly",
        "--collect-only",
        "--co",
        action="store_true",
        help="Only collect tests, don't execute them",
    )
    group.addoption(
        "--pyargs",
        action="store_true",
        help="Try to interpret all arguments as Python packages",
    )
    group.addoption(
        "--ignore",
        action="append",
        metavar="path",
        help="Ignore path during collection (multi-allowed)",
    )
    group.addoption(
        "--ignore-glob",
        action="append",
        metavar="path",
        help="Ignore path pattern during collection (multi-allowed)",
    )
    group.addoption(
        "--deselect",
        action="append",
        metavar="nodeid_prefix",
        help="Deselect item (via node id prefix) during collection (multi-allowed)",
    )
    group.addoption(
        "--confcutdir",
        dest="confcutdir",
        default=None,
        metavar="dir",
        type=functools.partial(directory_arg, optname="--confcutdir"),
        help="Only load conftest.py's relative to specified dir",
    )
    group.addoption(
        "--noconftest",
        action="store_true",
        dest="noconftest",
        default=False,
        help="Don't load any conftest.py files",
    )
    group.addoption(
        "--keepduplicates",
        "--keep-duplicates",
        action="store_true",
        dest="keepduplicates",
        default=False,
        help="Keep duplicate tests",
    )
    group.addoption(
        "--collect-in-virtualenv",
        action="store_true",
        dest="collect_in_virtualenv",
        default=False,
        help="Don't ignore tests in a local virtualenv directory",
    )
    group.addoption(
        "--continue-on-collection-errors",
        action="store_true",
        default=False,
        dest="continue_on_collection_errors",
        help="Force test execution even if collection errors occur",
    )
    group.addoption(
        "--import-mode",
        default="prepend",
        choices=["prepend", "append", "importlib"],
        dest="importmode",
        help="Prepend/append to sys.path when importing test modules and conftest "
        "files. Default: prepend.",
    )
    parser.addini(
        "norecursedirs",
        "Directory patterns to avoid for recursion",
        type="args",
        default=[
            "*.egg",
            ".*",
            "_darcs",
            "build",
            "CVS",
            "dist",
            "node_modules",
            "venv",
            "{arch}",
        ],
    )
    parser.addini(
        "testpaths",
        "Directories to search for tests when no files or directories are given on the "
        "command line",
        type="args",
        default=[],
    )
    parser.addini(
        "collect_imported_tests",
        "Whether to collect tests in imported modules outside `testpaths`",
        type="bool",
        default=True,
    )
    parser.addini(
        "consider_namespace_packages",
        type="bool",
        default=False,
        help="Consider namespace packages when resolving module names during import",
    )

    group = parser.getgroup("debugconfig", "test session debugging and configuration")
    group._addoption(  # private to use reserved lower-case short option
        "-c",
        "--config-file",
        metavar="FILE",
        type=str,
        dest="inifilename",
        help="Load configuration from `FILE` instead of trying to locate one of the "
        "implicit configuration files.",
    )
    group.addoption(
        "--rootdir",
        action="store",
        dest="rootdir",
        help="Define root directory for tests. Can be relative path: 'root_dir', './root_dir', "
        "'root_dir/another_dir/'; absolute path: '/home/user/root_dir'; path with variables: "
        "'$HOME/root_dir'.",
    )
    group.addoption(
        "--basetemp",
        dest="basetemp",
        default=None,
        type=validate_basetemp,
        metavar="dir",
        help=(
            "Base temporary directory for this test run. "
            "(Warning: this directory is removed if it exists.)"
        ),
    )


def validate_basetemp(path: str) -> str:
    # GH 7119
    msg = "basetemp must not be empty, the current working directory or any parent directory of it"

    # empty path
    if not path:
        raise argparse.ArgumentTypeError(msg)

    def is_ancestor(base: Path, query: Path) -> bool:
        """Return whether query is an ancestor of base."""
        if base == query:
            return True
        return query in base.parents

    # check if path is an ancestor of cwd
    if is_ancestor(Path.cwd(), Path(path).absolute()):
        raise argparse.ArgumentTypeError(msg)

    # check symlinks for ancestors
    if is_ancestor(Path.cwd().resolve(), Path(path).resolve()):
        raise argparse.ArgumentTypeError(msg)

    return path


def wrap_session(
    config: Config, doit: Callable[[Config, Session], int | ExitCode | None]
) -> int | ExitCode:
    """Skeleton command line program."""
    session = Session.from_config(config)
    session.exitstatus = ExitCode.OK
    initstate = 0
    try:
        try:
            config._do_configure()
            initstate = 1
            config.hook.pytest_sessionstart(session=session)
            initstate = 2
            session.exitstatus = doit(config, session) or 0
        except UsageError:
            session.exitstatus = ExitCode.USAGE_ERROR
            raise
        except Failed:
            session.exitstatus = ExitCode.TESTS_FAILED
        except (KeyboardInterrupt, exit.Exception):
            excinfo = _pytest._code.ExceptionInfo.from_current()
            exitstatus: int | ExitCode = ExitCode.INTERRUPTED
            if isinstance(excinfo.value, exit.Exception):
                if excinfo.value.returncode is not None:
                    exitstatus = excinfo.value.returncode
                if initstate < 2:
                    sys.stderr.write(f"{excinfo.typename}: {excinfo.value.msg}\n")
            config.hook.pytest_keyboard_interrupt(excinfo=excinfo)
            session.exitstatus = exitstatus
        except BaseException:
            session.exitstatus = ExitCode.INTERNAL_ERROR
            excinfo = _pytest._code.ExceptionInfo.from_current()
            try:
                config.notify_exception(excinfo, config.option)
            except exit.Exception as exc:
                if exc.returncode is not None:
                    session.exitstatus = exc.returncode
                sys.stderr.write(f"{type(exc).__name__}: {exc}\n")
            else:
                if isinstance(excinfo.value, SystemExit):
                    sys.stderr.write("mainloop: caught unexpected SystemExit!\n")

    finally:
        # Explicitly break reference cycle.
        excinfo = None  # type: ignore
        os.chdir(session.startpath)
        if initstate >= 2:
            try:
                config.hook.pytest_sessionfinish(
                    session=session, exitstatus=session.exitstatus
                )
            except exit.Exception as exc:
                if exc.returncode is not None:
                    session.exitstatus = exc.returncode
                sys.stderr.write(f"{type(exc).__name__}: {exc}\n")
        config._ensure_unconfigure()
    return session.exitstatus


def pytest_cmdline_main(config: Config) -> int | ExitCode:
    return wrap_session(config, _main)


def _main(config: Config, session: Session) -> int | ExitCode | None:
    """Default command line protocol for initialization, session,
    running tests and reporting."""
    config.hook.pytest_collection(session=session)
    config.hook.pytest_runtestloop(session=session)

    if session.testsfailed:
        return ExitCode.TESTS_FAILED
    elif session.testscollected == 0:
        return ExitCode.NO_TESTS_COLLECTED
    return None


def pytest_collection(session: Session) -> None:
    session.perform_collect()


def pytest_runtestloop(session: Session) -> bool:
    if session.testsfailed and not session.config.option.continue_on_collection_errors:
        raise session.Interrupted(
            f"{session.testsfailed} error{'s' if session.testsfailed != 1 else ''} during collection"
        )

    if session.config.option.collectonly:
        return True

    for i, item in enumerate(session.items):
        nextitem = session.items[i + 1] if i + 1 < len(session.items) else None
        item.config.hook.pytest_runtest_protocol(item=item, nextitem=nextitem)
        if session.shouldfail:
            raise session.Failed(session.shouldfail)
        if session.shouldstop:
            raise session.Interrupted(session.shouldstop)
    return True


def _in_venv(path: Path) -> bool:
    """Attempt to detect if ``path`` is the root of a Virtual Environment by
    checking for the existence of the pyvenv.cfg file.

    [https://peps.python.org/pep-0405/]

    For regression protection we also check for conda environments that do not include pyenv.cfg yet --
    https://github.com/conda/conda/issues/13337 is the conda issue tracking adding pyenv.cfg.

    Checking for the `conda-meta/history` file per https://github.com/pytest-dev/pytest/issues/12652#issuecomment-2246336902.

    """
    try:
        return (
            path.joinpath("pyvenv.cfg").is_file()
            or path.joinpath("conda-meta", "history").is_file()
        )
    except OSError:
        return False


def pytest_ignore_collect(collection_path: Path, config: Config) -> bool | None:
    if collection_path.name == "__pycache__":
        return True

    ignore_paths = config._getconftest_pathlist(
        "collect_ignore", path=collection_path.parent
    )
    ignore_paths = ignore_paths or []
    excludeopt = config.getoption("ignore")
    if excludeopt:
        ignore_paths.extend(absolutepath(x) for x in excludeopt)

    if collection_path in ignore_paths:
        return True

    ignore_globs = config._getconftest_pathlist(
        "collect_ignore_glob", path=collection_path.parent
    )
    ignore_globs = ignore_globs or []
    excludeglobopt = config.getoption("ignore_glob")
    if excludeglobopt:
        ignore_globs.extend(absolutepath(x) for x in excludeglobopt)

    if any(fnmatch.fnmatch(str(collection_path), str(glob)) for glob in ignore_globs):
        return True

    allow_in_venv = config.getoption("collect_in_virtualenv")
    if not allow_in_venv and _in_venv(collection_path):
        return True

    if collection_path.is_dir():
        norecursepatterns = config.getini("norecursedirs")
        if any(fnmatch_ex(pat, collection_path) for pat in norecursepatterns):
            return True

    return None


def pytest_collect_directory(
    path: Path, parent: nodes.Collector
) -> nodes.Collector | None:
    return Dir.from_parent(parent, path=path)


def pytest_collection_modifyitems(items: list[nodes.Item], config: Config) -> None:
    deselect_prefixes = tuple(config.getoption("deselect") or [])
    if not deselect_prefixes:
        return

    remaining = []
    deselected = []
    for colitem in items:
        if colitem.nodeid.startswith(deselect_prefixes):
            deselected.append(colitem)
        else:
            remaining.append(colitem)

    if deselected:
        config.hook.pytest_deselected(items=deselected)
        items[:] = remaining


class FSHookProxy:
    def __init__(
        self,
        pm: PytestPluginManager,
        remove_mods: AbstractSet[object],
    ) -> None:
        self.pm = pm
        self.remove_mods = remove_mods

    def __getattr__(self, name: str) -> pluggy.HookCaller:
        x = self.pm.subset_hook_caller(name, remove_plugins=self.remove_mods)
        self.__dict__[name] = x
        return x


class Interrupted(KeyboardInterrupt):
    """Signals that the test run was interrupted."""

    __module__ = "builtins"  # For py3.


class Failed(Exception):
    """Signals a stop as failed test run."""


@dataclasses.dataclass
class _bestrelpath_cache(dict[Path, str]):
    __slots__ = ("path",)

    path: Path

    def __missing__(self, path: Path) -> str:
        r = bestrelpath(self.path, path)
        self[path] = r
        return r


@final
class Dir(nodes.Directory):
    """Collector of files in a file system directory.

    .. versionadded:: 8.0

    .. note::

        Python directories with an `__init__.py` file are instead collected by
        :class:`~pytest.Package` by default. Both are :class:`~pytest.Directory`
        collectors.
    """

    @classmethod
    def from_parent(  # type: ignore[override]
        cls,
        parent: nodes.Collector,
        *,
        path: Path,
    ) -> Self:
        """The public constructor.

        :param parent: The parent collector of this Dir.
        :param path: The directory's path.
        :type path: pathlib.Path
        """
        return super().from_parent(parent=parent, path=path)

    def collect(self) -> Iterable[nodes.Item | nodes.Collector]:
        config = self.config
        col: nodes.Collector | None
        cols: Sequence[nodes.Collector]
        ihook = self.ihook
        for direntry in scandir(self.path):
            if direntry.is_dir():
                path = Path(direntry.path)
                if not self.session.isinitpath(path, with_parents=True):
                    if ihook.pytest_ignore_collect(collection_path=path, config=config):
                        continue
                col = ihook.pytest_collect_directory(path=path, parent=self)
                if col is not None:
                    yield col

            elif direntry.is_file():
                path = Path(direntry.path)
                if not self.session.isinitpath(path):
                    if ihook.pytest_ignore_collect(collection_path=path, config=config):
                        continue
                cols = ihook.pytest_collect_file(file_path=path, parent=self)
                yield from cols


@final
class Session(nodes.Collector):
    """The root of the collection tree.

    ``Session`` collects the initial paths given as arguments to pytest.
    """

    Interrupted = Interrupted
    Failed = Failed
    # Set on the session by runner.pytest_sessionstart.
    _setupstate: SetupState
    # Set on the session by fixtures.pytest_sessionstart.
    _fixturemanager: FixtureManager
    exitstatus: int | ExitCode

    def __init__(self, config: Config) -> None:
        super().__init__(
            name="",
            path=config.rootpath,
            fspath=None,
            parent=None,
            config=config,
            session=self,
            nodeid="",
        )
        self.testsfailed = 0
        self.testscollected = 0
        self._shouldstop: bool | str = False
        self._shouldfail: bool | str = False
        self.trace = config.trace.root.get("collection")
        self._initialpaths: frozenset[Path] = frozenset()
        self._initialpaths_with_parents: frozenset[Path] = frozenset()
        self._notfound: list[tuple[str, Sequence[nodes.Collector]]] = []
        self._initial_parts: list[CollectionArgument] = []
        self._collection_cache: dict[nodes.Collector, CollectReport] = {}
        self.items: list[nodes.Item] = []

        self._bestrelpathcache: dict[Path, str] = _bestrelpath_cache(config.rootpath)

        self.config.pluginmanager.register(self, name="session")

    @classmethod
    def from_config(cls, config: Config) -> Session:
        session: Session = cls._create(config=config)
        return session

    def __repr__(self) -> str:
        return (
            f"<{self.__class__.__name__} {self.name} "
            f"exitstatus=%r "
            f"testsfailed={self.testsfailed} "
            f"testscollected={self.testscollected}>"
        ) % getattr(self, "exitstatus", "<UNSET>")

    @property
    def shouldstop(self) -> bool | str:
        return self._shouldstop

    @shouldstop.setter
    def shouldstop(self, value: bool | str) -> None:
        # The runner checks shouldfail and assumes that if it is set we are
        # definitely stopping, so prevent unsetting it.
        if value is False and self._shouldstop:
            warnings.warn(
                PytestWarning(
                    "session.shouldstop cannot be unset after it has been set; ignoring."
                ),
                stacklevel=2,
            )
            return
        self._shouldstop = value

    @property
    def shouldfail(self) -> bool | str:
        return self._shouldfail

    @shouldfail.setter
    def shouldfail(self, value: bool | str) -> None:
        # The runner checks shouldfail and assumes that if it is set we are
        # definitely stopping, so prevent unsetting it.
        if value is False and self._shouldfail:
            warnings.warn(
                PytestWarning(
                    "session.shouldfail cannot be unset after it has been set; ignoring."
                ),
                stacklevel=2,
            )
            return
        self._shouldfail = value

    @property
    def startpath(self) -> Path:
        """The path from which pytest was invoked.

        .. versionadded:: 7.0.0
        """
        return self.config.invocation_params.dir

    def _node_location_to_relpath(self, node_path: Path) -> str:
        # bestrelpath is a quite slow function.
        return self._bestrelpathcache[node_path]

    @hookimpl(tryfirst=True)
    def pytest_collectstart(self) -> None:
        if self.shouldfail:
            raise self.Failed(self.shouldfail)
        if self.shouldstop:
            raise self.Interrupted(self.shouldstop)

    @hookimpl(tryfirst=True)
    def pytest_runtest_logreport(self, report: TestReport | CollectReport) -> None:
        if report.failed and not hasattr(report, "wasxfail"):
            self.testsfailed += 1
            maxfail = self.config.getvalue("maxfail")
            if maxfail and self.testsfailed >= maxfail:
                self.shouldfail = f"stopping after {self.testsfailed} failures"

    pytest_collectreport = pytest_runtest_logreport

    def isinitpath(
        self,
        path: str | os.PathLike[str],
        *,
        with_parents: bool = False,
    ) -> bool:
        """Is path an initial path?

        An initial path is a path explicitly given to pytest on the command
        line.

        :param with_parents:
            If set, also return True if the path is a parent of an initial path.

        .. versionchanged:: 8.0
            Added the ``with_parents`` parameter.
        """
        # Optimization: Path(Path(...)) is much slower than isinstance.
        path_ = path if isinstance(path, Path) else Path(path)
        if with_parents:
            return path_ in self._initialpaths_with_parents
        else:
            return path_ in self._initialpaths

    def gethookproxy(self, fspath: os.PathLike[str]) -> pluggy.HookRelay:
        # Optimization: Path(Path(...)) is much slower than isinstance.
        path = fspath if isinstance(fspath, Path) else Path(fspath)
        pm = self.config.pluginmanager
        # Check if we have the common case of running
        # hooks with all conftest.py files.
        my_conftestmodules = pm._getconftestmodules(path)
        remove_mods = pm._conftest_plugins.difference(my_conftestmodules)
        proxy: pluggy.HookRelay
        if remove_mods:
            # One or more conftests are not in use at this path.
            proxy = PathAwareHookProxy(FSHookProxy(pm, remove_mods))  # type: ignore[arg-type,assignment]
        else:
            # All plugins are active for this fspath.
            proxy = self.config.hook
        return proxy

    def _collect_path(
        self,
        path: Path,
        path_cache: dict[Path, Sequence[nodes.Collector]],
    ) -> Sequence[nodes.Collector]:
        """Create a Collector for the given path.

        `path_cache` makes it so the same Collectors are returned for the same
        path.
        """
        if path in path_cache:
            return path_cache[path]

        if path.is_dir():
            ihook = self.gethookproxy(path.parent)
            col: nodes.Collector | None = ihook.pytest_collect_directory(
                path=path, parent=self
            )
            cols: Sequence[nodes.Collector] = (col,) if col is not None else ()

        elif path.is_file():
            ihook = self.gethookproxy(path)
            cols = ihook.pytest_collect_file(file_path=path, parent=self)

        else:
            # Broken symlink or invalid/missing file.
            cols = ()

        path_cache[path] = cols
        return cols

    @overload
    def perform_collect(
        self, args: Sequence[str] | None = ..., genitems: Literal[True] = ...
    ) -> Sequence[nodes.Item]: ...

    @overload
    def perform_collect(
        self, args: Sequence[str] | None = ..., genitems: bool = ...
    ) -> Sequence[nodes.Item | nodes.Collector]: ...

    def perform_collect(
        self, args: Sequence[str] | None = None, genitems: bool = True
    ) -> Sequence[nodes.Item | nodes.Collector]:
        """Perform the collection phase for this session.

        This is called by the default :hook:`pytest_collection` hook
        implementation; see the documentation of this hook for more details.
        For testing purposes, it may also be called directly on a fresh
        ``Session``.

        This function normally recursively expands any collectors collected
        from the session to their items, and only items are returned. For
        testing purposes, this may be suppressed by passing ``genitems=False``,
        in which case the return value contains these collectors unexpanded,
        and ``session.items`` is empty.
        """
        if args is None:
            args = self.config.args

        self.trace("perform_collect", self, args)
        self.trace.root.indent += 1

        hook = self.config.hook

        self._notfound = []
        self._initial_parts = []
        self._collection_cache = {}
        self.items = []
        items: Sequence[nodes.Item | nodes.Collector] = self.items
        consider_namespace_packages: bool = self.config.getini(
            "consider_namespace_packages"
        )
        try:
            initialpaths: list[Path] = []
            initialpaths_with_parents: list[Path] = []

            collection_args = [
                resolve_collection_argument(
                    self.config.invocation_params.dir,
                    arg,
                    i,
                    as_pypath=self.config.option.pyargs,
                    consider_namespace_packages=consider_namespace_packages,
                )
                for i, arg in enumerate(args)
            ]

            if not self.config.getoption("keepduplicates"):
                # Normalize the collection arguments -- remove duplicates and overlaps.
                self._initial_parts = normalize_collection_arguments(collection_args)
            else:
                self._initial_parts = collection_args

            for collection_argument in self._initial_parts:
                initialpaths.append(collection_argument.path)
                initialpaths_with_parents.append(collection_argument.path)
                initialpaths_with_parents.extend(collection_argument.path.parents)
            self._initialpaths = frozenset(initialpaths)
            self._initialpaths_with_parents = frozenset(initialpaths_with_parents)

            rep = collect_one_node(self)
            self.ihook.pytest_collectreport(report=rep)
            self.trace.root.indent -= 1
            if self._notfound:
                errors = []
                for arg, collectors in self._notfound:
                    if collectors:
                        errors.append(
                            f"not found: {arg}\n(no match in any of {collectors!r})"
                        )
                    else:
                        errors.append(f"found no collectors for {arg}")

                raise UsageError(*errors)

            if not genitems:
                items = rep.result
            else:
                if rep.passed:
                    for node in rep.result:
                        self.items.extend(self.genitems(node))

            self.config.pluginmanager.check_pending()
            hook.pytest_collection_modifyitems(
                session=self, config=self.config, items=items
            )
        finally:
            self._notfound = []
            self._initial_parts = []
            self._collection_cache = {}
            hook.pytest_collection_finish(session=self)

        if genitems:
            self.testscollected = len(items)

        return items

    def _collect_one_node(
        self,
        node: nodes.Collector,
        handle_dupes: bool = True,
    ) -> tuple[CollectReport, bool]:
        if node in self._collection_cache and handle_dupes:
            rep = self._collection_cache[node]
            return rep, True
        else:
            rep = collect_one_node(node)
            self._collection_cache[node] = rep
            return rep, False

    def collect(self) -> Iterator[nodes.Item | nodes.Collector]:
        # This is a cache for the root directories of the initial paths.
        # We can't use collection_cache for Session because of its special
        # role as the bootstrapping collector.
        path_cache: dict[Path, Sequence[nodes.Collector]] = {}

        pm = self.config.pluginmanager

        for collection_argument in self._initial_parts:
            self.trace("processing argument", collection_argument)
            self.trace.root.indent += 1

            argpath = collection_argument.path
            names = collection_argument.parts
            parametrization = collection_argument.parametrization
            module_name = collection_argument.module_name

            # resolve_collection_argument() ensures this.
            if argpath.is_dir():
                assert not names, f"invalid arg {(argpath, names)!r}"

            paths = [argpath]
            # Add relevant parents of the path, from the root, e.g.
            #   /a/b/c.py -> [/, /a, /a/b, /a/b/c.py]
            if module_name is None:
                # Paths outside of the confcutdir should not be considered.
                for path in argpath.parents:
                    if not pm._is_in_confcutdir(path):
                        break
                    paths.insert(0, path)
            else:
                # For --pyargs arguments, only consider paths matching the module
                # name. Paths beyond the package hierarchy are not included.
                module_name_parts = module_name.split(".")
                for i, path in enumerate(argpath.parents, 2):
                    if i > len(module_name_parts) or path.stem != module_name_parts[-i]:
                        break
                    paths.insert(0, path)

            # Start going over the parts from the root, collecting each level
            # and discarding all nodes which don't match the level's part.
            any_matched_in_initial_part = False
            notfound_collectors = []
            work: list[tuple[nodes.Collector | nodes.Item, list[Path | str]]] = [
                (self, [*paths, *names])
            ]
            while work:
                matchnode, matchparts = work.pop()

                # Pop'd all of the parts, this is a match.
                if not matchparts:
                    yield matchnode
                    any_matched_in_initial_part = True
                    continue

                # Should have been matched by now, discard.
                if not isinstance(matchnode, nodes.Collector):
                    continue

                # Collect this level of matching.
                # Collecting Session (self) is done directly to avoid endless
                # recursion to this function.
                subnodes: Sequence[nodes.Collector | nodes.Item]
                if isinstance(matchnode, Session):
                    assert isinstance(matchparts[0], Path)
                    subnodes = matchnode._collect_path(matchparts[0], path_cache)
                else:
                    # For backward compat, files given directly multiple
                    # times on the command line should not be deduplicated.
                    handle_dupes = not (
                        len(matchparts) == 1
                        and isinstance(matchparts[0], Path)
                        and matchparts[0].is_file()
                    )
                    rep, duplicate = self._collect_one_node(matchnode, handle_dupes)
                    if not duplicate and not rep.passed:
                        # Report collection failures here to avoid failing to
                        # run some test specified in the command line because
                        # the module could not be imported (#134).
                        matchnode.ihook.pytest_collectreport(report=rep)
                    if not rep.passed:
                        continue
                    subnodes = rep.result

                # Prune this level.
                any_matched_in_collector = False
                for node in reversed(subnodes):
                    # Path part e.g. `/a/b/` in `/a/b/test_file.py::TestIt::test_it`.
                    if isinstance(matchparts[0], Path):
                        is_match = node.path == matchparts[0]
                        if sys.platform == "win32" and not is_match:
                            # In case the file paths do not match, fallback to samefile() to
                            # account for short-paths on Windows (#11895). But use a version
                            # which doesn't resolve symlinks, otherwise we might match the
                            # same file more than once (#12039).
                            is_match = samefile_nofollow(node.path, matchparts[0])

                    # Name part e.g. `TestIt` in `/a/b/test_file.py::TestIt::test_it`.
                    else:
                        if len(matchparts) == 1:
                            # This the last part, one parametrization goes.
                            if parametrization is not None:
                                # A parametrized arg must match exactly.
                                is_match = node.name == matchparts[0] + parametrization
                            else:
                                # A non-parameterized arg matches all parametrizations (if any).
                                # TODO: Remove the hacky split once the collection structure
                                # contains parametrization.
                                is_match = node.name.split("[")[0] == matchparts[0]
                        else:
                            is_match = node.name == matchparts[0]
                    if is_match:
                        work.append((node, matchparts[1:]))
                        any_matched_in_collector = True

                if not any_matched_in_collector:
                    notfound_collectors.append(matchnode)

            if not any_matched_in_initial_part:
                report_arg = "::".join((str(argpath), *names))
                self._notfound.append((report_arg, notfound_collectors))

            self.trace.root.indent -= 1

    def genitems(self, node: nodes.Item | nodes.Collector) -> Iterator[nodes.Item]:
        self.trace("genitems", node)
        if isinstance(node, nodes.Item):
            node.ihook.pytest_itemcollected(item=node)
            yield node
        else:
            assert isinstance(node, nodes.Collector)
            # For backward compat, dedup only applies to files.
            handle_dupes = not isinstance(node, nodes.File)
            rep, duplicate = self._collect_one_node(node, handle_dupes)
            if rep.passed:
                for subnode in rep.result:
                    yield from self.genitems(subnode)
            if not duplicate:
                node.ihook.pytest_collectreport(report=rep)


def search_pypath(
    module_name: str, *, consider_namespace_packages: bool = False
) -> str | None:
    """Search sys.path for the given a dotted module name, and return its file
    system path if found."""
    try:
        spec = importlib.util.find_spec(module_name)
    # AttributeError: looks like package module, but actually filename
    # ImportError: module does not exist
    # ValueError: not a module name
    except (AttributeError, ImportError, ValueError):
        return None

    if spec is None:
        return None

    if (
        spec.submodule_search_locations is None
        or len(spec.submodule_search_locations) == 0
    ):
        # Must be a simple module.
        return spec.origin

    if consider_namespace_packages:
        # If submodule_search_locations is set, it's a package (regular or namespace).
        # Typically there is a single entry, but documentation claims it can be empty too
        #  (e.g. if the package has no physical location).
        return spec.submodule_search_locations[0]

    if spec.origin is None:
        # This is only the case for namespace packages
        return None

    return os.path.dirname(spec.origin)


@dataclasses.dataclass(frozen=True)
class CollectionArgument:
    """A resolved collection argument."""

    path: Path
    parts: Sequence[str]
    parametrization: str | None
    module_name: str | None
    original_index: int


def resolve_collection_argument(
    invocation_path: Path,
    arg: str,
    arg_index: int,
    *,
    as_pypath: bool = False,
    consider_namespace_packages: bool = False,
) -> CollectionArgument:
    """Parse path arguments optionally containing selection parts and return (fspath, names).

    Command-line arguments can point to files and/or directories, and optionally contain
    parts for specific tests selection, for example:

        "pkg/tests/test_foo.py::TestClass::test_foo"

    This function ensures the path exists, and returns a resolved `CollectionArgument`:

        CollectionArgument(
            path=Path("/full/path/to/pkg/tests/test_foo.py"),
            parts=["TestClass", "test_foo"],
            module_name=None,
        )

    When as_pypath is True, expects that the command-line argument actually contains
    module paths instead of file-system paths:

        "pkg.tests.test_foo::TestClass::test_foo[a,b]"

    In which case we search sys.path for a matching module, and then return the *path* to the
    found module, which may look like this:

        CollectionArgument(
            path=Path("/home/u/myvenv/lib/site-packages/pkg/tests/test_foo.py"),
            parts=["TestClass", "test_foo"],
            parametrization="[a,b]",
            module_name="pkg.tests.test_foo",
        )

    If the path doesn't exist, raise UsageError.
    If the path is a directory and selection parts are present, raise UsageError.
    """
    base, squacket, rest = arg.partition("[")
    strpath, *parts = base.split("::")
    if squacket and not parts:
        raise UsageError(f"path cannot contain [] parametrization: {arg}")
    parametrization = f"{squacket}{rest}" if squacket else None
    module_name = None
    if as_pypath:
        pyarg_strpath = search_pypath(
            strpath, consider_namespace_packages=consider_namespace_packages
        )
        if pyarg_strpath is not None:
            module_name = strpath
            strpath = pyarg_strpath
    fspath = invocation_path / strpath
    fspath = absolutepath(fspath)
    if not safe_exists(fspath):
        msg = (
            "module or package not found: {arg} (missing __init__.py?)"
            if as_pypath
            else "file or directory not found: {arg}"
        )
        raise UsageError(msg.format(arg=arg))
    if parts and fspath.is_dir():
        msg = (
            "package argument cannot contain :: selection parts: {arg}"
            if as_pypath
            else "directory argument cannot contain :: selection parts: {arg}"
        )
        raise UsageError(msg.format(arg=arg))
    return CollectionArgument(
        path=fspath,
        parts=parts,
        parametrization=parametrization,
        module_name=module_name,
        original_index=arg_index,
    )


def is_collection_argument_subsumed_by(
    arg: CollectionArgument, by: CollectionArgument
) -> bool:
    """Check if `arg` is subsumed (contained) by `by`."""
    # First check path subsumption.
    if by.path != arg.path:
        # `by` subsumes `arg` if `by` is a parent directory of `arg` and has no
        # parts (collects everything in that directory).
        if not by.parts:
            return arg.path.is_relative_to(by.path)
        return False
    # Paths are equal, check parts.
    # For example: ("TestClass",) is a prefix of ("TestClass", "test_method").
    if len(by.parts) > len(arg.parts) or arg.parts[: len(by.parts)] != by.parts:
        return False
    # Paths and parts are equal, check parametrization.
    # A `by` without parametrization (None) matches everything, e.g.
    # `pytest x.py::test_it` matches `x.py::test_it[0]`. Otherwise must be
    # exactly equal.
    if by.parametrization is not None and by.parametrization != arg.parametrization:
        return False
    return True


def normalize_collection_arguments(
    collection_args: Sequence[CollectionArgument],
) -> list[CollectionArgument]:
    """Normalize collection arguments to eliminate overlapping paths and parts.

    Detects when collection arguments overlap in either paths or parts and only
    keeps the shorter prefix, or the earliest argument if duplicate, preserving
    order. The result is prefix-free.
    """
    # A quadratic algorithm is not acceptable since large inputs are possible.
    # So this uses an O(n*log(n)) algorithm which takes advantage of the
    # property that after sorting, a collection argument will immediately
    # precede collection arguments it subsumes. An O(n) algorithm is not worth
    # it.
    collection_args_sorted = sorted(
        collection_args,
        key=lambda arg: (arg.path, arg.parts, arg.parametrization or ""),
    )
    normalized: list[CollectionArgument] = []
    last_kept = None
    for arg in collection_args_sorted:
        if last_kept is None or not is_collection_argument_subsumed_by(arg, last_kept):
            normalized.append(arg)
            last_kept = arg
    normalized.sort(key=lambda arg: arg.original_index)
    return normalized
