# Licensed under a 3-clause BSD style license - see LICENSE.rst
"""|Cosmology| <-> |Table| I/O, using |Cosmology.to_format| and |Cosmology.from_format|.

This module provides functions to transform a |Cosmology| object to and from a |Table|
object. The functions are registered with ``convert_registry`` under the format name
"astropy.table". |Table| itself has an abundance of I/O methods, making this conversion
useful for further interoperability with other formats.

A Cosmology as a `~astropy.table.QTable` will have the cosmology's name and parameters
as columns.

    >>> from astropy.cosmology import Planck18
    >>> ct = Planck18.to_format("astropy.table")
    >>> ct
    <QTable length=1>
        name        H0        Om0    Tcmb0    Neff      m_nu      Ob0
                km / (Mpc s)            K                 eV
        str8     float64    float64 float64 float64  float64[3] float64
    -------- ------------ ------- ------- ------- ----------- -------
    Planck18        67.66 0.30966  2.7255   3.046 0.0 .. 0.06 0.04897

The cosmological class and other metadata, e.g. a paper reference, are in the Table's
metadata.

    >>> ct.meta
    {..., 'cosmology': 'FlatLambdaCDM'}


Cosmology supports the astropy Table-like protocol (see :ref:`Table-like Objects`) to
the same effect:

.. code-block::

    >>> from astropy.table import QTable
    >>> QTable(Planck18)
    <QTable length=1>
      name        H0        Om0    Tcmb0    Neff      m_nu      Ob0
             km / (Mpc s)            K                 eV
      str8     float64    float64 float64 float64  float64[3] float64
    -------- ------------ ------- ------- ------- ----------- -------
    Planck18        67.66 0.30966  2.7255   3.046 0.0 .. 0.06 0.04897


To move the cosmology class from the metadata to a Table row, set the
``cosmology_in_meta`` argument to `False`:

    >>> Planck18.to_format("astropy.table", cosmology_in_meta=False)
    <QTable length=1>
        cosmology     name        H0        Om0    Tcmb0    Neff      m_nu      Ob0
                            km / (Mpc s)            K                 eV
        str13       str8     float64    float64 float64 float64  float64[3] float64
    ------------- -------- ------------ ------- ------- ------- ----------- -------
    FlatLambdaCDM Planck18        67.66 0.30966  2.7255   3.046 0.0 .. 0.06 0.04897

Astropy recommends `~astropy.table.QTable` for tables with |Quantity| columns. However
the returned type may be overridden using the ``cls`` argument:

    >>> from astropy.table import Table
    >>> Planck18.to_format("astropy.table", cls=Table)
    <Table length=1>
    ...

Fields of the cosmology may be renamed using the ``rename`` argument.

    >>> Planck18.to_format("astropy.table", rename={"H0": "Hubble"})
    <QTable length=1>
        name      Hubble      Om0    Tcmb0    Neff      m_nu      Ob0
                km / (Mpc s)            K                 eV
        str8     float64    float64 float64 float64  float64[3] float64
    -------- ------------ ------- ------- ------- ----------- -------
    Planck18        67.66 0.30966  2.7255   3.046 0.0 .. 0.06 0.04897

Appropriately formatted tables can be converted to |Cosmology| instances. Since the
|Table| can hold arbitrary metadata, we can faithfully round-trip a |Cosmology| through
|Table|, e.g. to construct a ``Planck18`` cosmology identical to the instance from which
it was generated.

    >>> ct = Planck18.to_format("astropy.table")

    >>> cosmo = Cosmology.from_format(ct, format="astropy.table")
    >>> cosmo
    FlatLambdaCDM(name='Planck18', H0=<Quantity 67.66 km / (Mpc s)>, Om0=0.30966, Tcmb0=<Quantity 2.7255 K>, Neff=3.046, m_nu=<Quantity [0.  , 0.  , 0.06] eV>, Ob0=0.04897)
    >>> cosmo == Planck18
    True

The ``cosmology`` information (row or metadata) may be omitted if the cosmology class
(or its string name) is passed as the ``cosmology`` keyword argument to
|Cosmology.from_format|.

    >>> del ct.meta["cosmology"]  # remove cosmology from metadata
    >>> Cosmology.from_format(ct, cosmology="FlatLambdaCDM")
    FlatLambdaCDM(name='Planck18', H0=<Quantity 67.66 km / (Mpc s)>, Om0=0.30966, Tcmb0=<Quantity 2.7255 K>, Neff=3.046, m_nu=<Quantity [0.  , 0.  , 0.06] eV>, Ob0=0.04897)

Alternatively, specific cosmology classes can be used to parse the data.

    >>> from astropy.cosmology import FlatLambdaCDM
    >>> FlatLambdaCDM.from_format(ct)
     FlatLambdaCDM(name='Planck18', H0=<Quantity 67.66 km / (Mpc s)>, Om0=0.30966, Tcmb0=<Quantity 2.7255 K>, Neff=3.046, m_nu=<Quantity [0.  , 0.  , 0.06] eV>, Ob0=0.04897)

When using a specific cosmology class, the class' default parameter values are used to
fill in any missing information.

    >>> del ct["Tcmb0"]  # show FlatLambdaCDM provides default
    >>> FlatLambdaCDM.from_format(ct)
     FlatLambdaCDM(name='Planck18', H0=<Quantity 67.66 km / (Mpc s)>, Om0=0.30966, Tcmb0=<Quantity 0. K>, Neff=3.046, m_nu=None, Ob0=0.04897)

For tables with multiple rows of cosmological parameters, the ``index`` argument is
needed to select the correct row. The index can be an integer for the row number or, if
the table is indexed by a column, the value of that column. If the table is not indexed
and ``index`` is a string, the "name" column is used as the indexing column.

Here is an example where ``index`` is needed and can be either an integer (for the row
number) or the name of one of the cosmologies, e.g. 'Planck15'.

    >>> from astropy.cosmology import Planck13, Planck15, Planck18
    >>> from astropy.table import vstack
    >>> cts = vstack([c.to_format("astropy.table")
    ...               for c in (Planck13, Planck15, Planck18)],
    ...              metadata_conflicts='silent')
    >>> cts
    <QTable length=3>
        name        H0        Om0    Tcmb0    Neff      m_nu      Ob0
                km / (Mpc s)            K                 eV
        str8     float64    float64 float64 float64  float64[3]  float64
    -------- ------------ ------- ------- ------- ----------- --------
    Planck13        67.77 0.30712  2.7255   3.046 0.0 .. 0.06 0.048252
    Planck15        67.74  0.3075  2.7255   3.046 0.0 .. 0.06   0.0486
    Planck18        67.66 0.30966  2.7255   3.046 0.0 .. 0.06  0.04897

    >>> cosmo = Cosmology.from_format(cts, index=1, format="astropy.table")
    >>> cosmo == Planck15
    True

Fields in the table can be renamed to match the `~astropy.cosmology.Cosmology` class'
signature using the ``rename`` argument. This is useful when the table's column names do
not match the class' parameter names.

    >>> renamed_table = Planck18.to_format("astropy.table", rename={"H0": "Hubble"})
    >>> renamed_table
    <QTable length=1>
        name      Hubble      Om0    Tcmb0    Neff      m_nu      Ob0
                km / (Mpc s)            K                 eV
        str8     float64    float64 float64 float64  float64[3] float64
    -------- ------------ ------- ------- ------- ----------- -------
    Planck18        67.66 0.30966  2.7255   3.046 0.0 .. 0.06 0.04897

    >>> cosmo = Cosmology.from_format(renamed_table, format="astropy.table",
    ...                               rename={"Hubble": "H0"})
    >>> cosmo == Planck18
    True
"""

from collections.abc import Mapping
from typing import TypeVar

import numpy as np

from astropy.cosmology._src.core import Cosmology
from astropy.cosmology._src.io.connect import convert_registry
from astropy.cosmology._src.typing import _CosmoT
from astropy.table import Column, QTable, Table

from .mapping import to_mapping
from .row import from_row
from .utils import convert_parameter_to_column

_TableT = TypeVar("_TableT", bound=Table)


def from_table(
    table: Table,
    index: int | str | None = None,
    *,
    move_to_meta: bool = False,
    cosmology: str | type[_CosmoT] | None = None,
    rename: Mapping[str, str] | None = None,
) -> _CosmoT:
    """Instantiate a `~astropy.cosmology.Cosmology` from a |QTable|.

    Parameters
    ----------
    table : `~astropy.table.Table`
        The object to parse into a |Cosmology|.
    index : int, str, or None, optional
        Needed to select the row in tables with multiple rows. ``index`` can be an
        integer for the row number or, if the table is indexed by a column, the value of
        that column. If the table is not indexed and ``index`` is a string, the "name"
        column is used as the indexing column.

    move_to_meta : bool (optional, keyword-only)
        Whether to move keyword arguments that are not in the Cosmology class' signature
        to the Cosmology's metadata. This will only be applied if the Cosmology does NOT
        have a keyword-only argument (e.g. ``**kwargs``). Arguments moved to the
        metadata will be merged with existing metadata, preferring specified metadata in
        the case of a merge conflict (e.g. for ``Cosmology(meta={'key':10}, key=42)``,
        the ``Cosmology.meta`` will be ``{'key': 10}``).

    cosmology : str or type or None (optional, keyword-only)
        The cosmology class (or string name thereof) to use when constructing the
        cosmology instance. The class also provides default parameter values, filling in
        any non-mandatory arguments missing in 'table'.

    rename : Mapping[str, str] or None (optional, keyword-only)
        A mapping of column names in 'table' to field names of the |Cosmology| class.

    Returns
    -------
    `~astropy.cosmology.Cosmology`

    Examples
    --------
    To see loading a `~astropy.cosmology.Cosmology` from a Table with ``from_table``, we
    will first make a |QTable| using :func:`~astropy.cosmology.Cosmology.to_format`.

        >>> from astropy.cosmology import Cosmology, Planck18
        >>> ct = Planck18.to_format("astropy.table")
        >>> ct
        <QTable length=1>
          name        H0        Om0    Tcmb0    Neff      m_nu      Ob0
                 km / (Mpc s)            K                 eV
          str8     float64    float64 float64 float64  float64[3] float64
        -------- ------------ ------- ------- ------- ----------- -------
        Planck18        67.66 0.30966  2.7255   3.046 0.0 .. 0.06 0.04897

    Now this table can be used to load a new cosmological instance identical to the
    ``Planck18`` cosmology from which it was generated.

        >>> cosmo = Cosmology.from_format(ct, format="astropy.table")
        >>> cosmo
        FlatLambdaCDM(name='Planck18', H0=<Quantity 67.66 km / (Mpc s)>, Om0=0.30966, Tcmb0=<Quantity 2.7255 K>, Neff=3.046, m_nu=<Quantity [0.  , 0.  , 0.06] eV>, Ob0=0.04897)

    The ``cosmology`` information (column or metadata) may be omitted if the cosmology
    class (or its string name) is passed as the ``cosmology`` keyword argument to
    |Cosmology.from_format|.

        >>> del ct.meta["cosmology"]  # remove cosmology from metadata
        >>> Cosmology.from_format(ct, cosmology="FlatLambdaCDM")
        FlatLambdaCDM(name='Planck18', H0=<Quantity 67.66 km / (Mpc s)>, Om0=0.30966, Tcmb0=<Quantity 2.7255 K>, Neff=3.046, m_nu=<Quantity [0.  , 0.  , 0.06] eV>, Ob0=0.04897)

    Alternatively, specific cosmology classes can be used to parse the data.

        >>> from astropy.cosmology import FlatLambdaCDM
        >>> FlatLambdaCDM.from_format(ct)
         FlatLambdaCDM(name='Planck18', H0=<Quantity 67.66 km / (Mpc s)>, Om0=0.30966, Tcmb0=<Quantity 2.7255 K>, Neff=3.046, m_nu=<Quantity [0.  , 0.  , 0.06] eV>, Ob0=0.04897)

    When using a specific cosmology class, the class' default parameter values are used
    to fill in any missing information.

        >>> del ct["Tcmb0"]  # show FlatLambdaCDM provides default
        >>> FlatLambdaCDM.from_format(ct)
         FlatLambdaCDM(name='Planck18', H0=<Quantity 67.66 km / (Mpc s)>, Om0=0.30966, Tcmb0=<Quantity 0. K>, Neff=3.046, m_nu=None, Ob0=0.04897)

    For tables with multiple rows of cosmological parameters, the ``index`` argument is
    needed to select the correct row. The index can be an integer for the row number or,
    if the table is indexed by a column, the value of that column. If the table is not
    indexed and ``index`` is a string, the "name" column is used as the indexing column.

    Here is an example where ``index`` is needed and can be either an integer (for the
    row number) or the name of one of the cosmologies, e.g. 'Planck15'.

        >>> from astropy.cosmology import Planck13, Planck15, Planck18
        >>> from astropy.table import vstack
        >>> cts = vstack([c.to_format("astropy.table")
        ...               for c in (Planck13, Planck15, Planck18)],
        ...              metadata_conflicts='silent')
        >>> cts
        <QTable length=3>
          name        H0        Om0    Tcmb0    Neff      m_nu      Ob0
                 km / (Mpc s)            K                 eV
          str8     float64    float64 float64 float64  float64[3]  float64
        -------- ------------ ------- ------- ------- ----------- --------
        Planck13        67.77 0.30712  2.7255   3.046 0.0 .. 0.06 0.048252
        Planck15        67.74  0.3075  2.7255   3.046 0.0 .. 0.06   0.0486
        Planck18        67.66 0.30966  2.7255   3.046 0.0 .. 0.06  0.04897

        >>> cosmo = Cosmology.from_format(cts, index="Planck15", format="astropy.table")
        >>> cosmo == Planck15
        True

    Fields in the table can be renamed to match the `~astropy.cosmology.Cosmology`
    class' signature using the ``rename`` argument. This is useful when the table's
    column names do not match the class' parameter names.

        >>> renamed_table = Planck18.to_format("astropy.table", rename={"H0": "Hubble"})
        >>> renamed_table
        <QTable length=1>
          name      Hubble      Om0    Tcmb0    Neff      m_nu      Ob0
                 km / (Mpc s)            K                 eV
          str8     float64    float64 float64 float64  float64[3] float64
        -------- ------------ ------- ------- ------- ----------- -------
        Planck18        67.66 0.30966  2.7255   3.046 0.0 .. 0.06 0.04897

        >>> cosmo = Cosmology.from_format(renamed_table, format="astropy.table",
        ...                               rename={"Hubble": "H0"})
        >>> cosmo == Planck18
        True

    For further examples, see :doc:`astropy:cosmology/io`.
    """
    # Get row from table
    # string index uses the indexed column on the table to find the row index.
    if isinstance(index, str):
        if not table.indices:  # no indexing column, find by string match
            nc = "name"  # default name column
            if rename is not None:  # from inverted `rename`
                for key, value in rename.items():
                    if value == "name":
                        nc = key
                        break

            indices = np.where(table[nc] == index)[0]
        else:  # has indexing column
            indices = table.loc_indices[index]  # need to convert to row index (int)

        if isinstance(indices, (int, np.integer)):  # loc_indices
            index = indices
        elif len(indices) == 1:  # only happens w/ np.where
            index = indices[0]
        elif len(indices) == 0:  # matches from loc_indices
            raise KeyError(f"No matches found for key {indices}")
        else:  # like the Highlander, there can be only 1 Cosmology
            raise ValueError(f"more than one cosmology found for key {indices}")

    # no index is needed for a 1-row table. For a multi-row table...
    if index is None:
        if len(table) != 1:  # multi-row table and no index
            raise ValueError(
                "need to select a specific row (e.g. index=1) when "
                "constructing a Cosmology from a multi-row table."
            )
        else:  # single-row table
            index = 0
    row = table[index]  # index is now the row index (int)

    # parse row to cosmo
    return from_row(row, move_to_meta=move_to_meta, cosmology=cosmology, rename=rename)


def to_table(
    cosmology: Cosmology,
    *args: object,
    cls: type[_TableT] = QTable,
    cosmology_in_meta: bool = True,
    rename: Mapping[str, str] | None = None,
) -> _TableT:
    """Serialize the cosmology into a `~astropy.table.QTable`.

    Parameters
    ----------
    cosmology : `~astropy.cosmology.Cosmology`
        The cosmology instance to convert to a table.
    *args : object
        Not used. Needed for compatibility with
        `~astropy.io.registry.UnifiedReadWriteMethod`
    cls : type (optional, keyword-only)
        Astropy :class:`~astropy.table.Table` class or subclass type to return.
        Default is :class:`~astropy.table.QTable`.
    cosmology_in_meta : bool (optional, keyword-only)
        Whether to put the cosmology class in the Table metadata (if `True`,
        default) or as the first column (if `False`).
    rename : Mapping[str, str] or None (optional, keyword-only)
        A mapping of field names of the |Cosmology| class to column names in the
        |Table|.

    Returns
    -------
    `~astropy.table.QTable`
        With columns for the cosmology parameters, and metadata and
        cosmology class name in the Table's ``meta`` attribute

    Raises
    ------
    TypeError
        If kwarg (optional) 'cls' is not a subclass of `astropy.table.Table`

    Examples
    --------
    A Cosmology as a `~astropy.table.QTable` will have the cosmology's name and
    parameters as columns.

        >>> from astropy.cosmology import Planck18
        >>> ct = Planck18.to_format("astropy.table")
        >>> ct
        <QTable length=1>
          name        H0        Om0    Tcmb0    Neff      m_nu      Ob0
                 km / (Mpc s)            K                 eV
          str8     float64    float64 float64 float64  float64[3] float64
        -------- ------------ ------- ------- ------- ----------- -------
        Planck18        67.66 0.30966  2.7255   3.046 0.0 .. 0.06 0.04897

    The cosmological class and other metadata, e.g. a paper reference, are in
    the Table's metadata.

        >>> ct.meta
        {..., 'cosmology': 'FlatLambdaCDM'}

    To move the cosmology class from the metadata to a Table column, set the
    ``cosmology_in_meta`` argument to `False`:

        >>> Planck18.to_format("astropy.table", cosmology_in_meta=False)
        <QTable length=1>
          cosmology     name        H0        Om0    Tcmb0    Neff      m_nu      Ob0
                               km / (Mpc s)            K                 eV
            str13       str8     float64    float64 float64 float64  float64[3] float64
        ------------- -------- ------------ ------- ------- ------- ----------- -------
        FlatLambdaCDM Planck18        67.66 0.30966  2.7255   3.046 0.0 .. 0.06 0.04897

    Astropy recommends `~astropy.table.QTable` for tables with |Quantity| columns.
    However the returned type may be overridden using the ``cls`` argument:

        >>> from astropy.table import Table
        >>> Planck18.to_format("astropy.table", cls=Table)
        <Table length=1>
        ...

    Fields of the cosmology may be renamed using the ``rename`` argument.

        >>> Planck18.to_format("astropy.table", rename={"H0": "Hubble"})
        <QTable length=1>
          name      Hubble      Om0    Tcmb0    Neff      m_nu      Ob0
                 km / (Mpc s)            K                 eV
          str8     float64    float64 float64 float64  float64[3] float64
        -------- ------------ ------- ------- ------- ----------- -------
        Planck18        67.66 0.30966  2.7255   3.046 0.0 .. 0.06 0.04897
    """
    if not issubclass(cls, Table):
        raise TypeError(f"'cls' must be a (sub)class of Table, not {type(cls)}")

    # Start by getting a map representation.
    data = to_mapping(cosmology)
    data["cosmology"] = data["cosmology"].__qualname__  # change to str

    # Metadata
    meta = data.pop("meta")  # remove the meta
    if cosmology_in_meta:
        meta["cosmology"] = data.pop("cosmology")

    # Need to turn everything into something Table can process:
    # - Column for Parameter
    # - list for anything else
    cosmo_cls = cosmology.__class__
    for k, v in data.items():
        if k in cosmology.parameters:
            col = convert_parameter_to_column(
                cosmo_cls.parameters[k], v, cosmology.meta.get(k)
            )
        else:
            col = Column([v])
        data[k] = col

    tbl = cls(data, meta=meta)

    # Renames
    renames = rename or {}
    for name in tbl.colnames:
        tbl.rename_column(name, renames.get(name, name))

    # Add index
    tbl.add_index(renames.get("name", "name"), unique=True)

    return tbl


def table_identify(
    origin: str, format: str | None, *args: object, **kwargs: object
) -> bool:
    """Identify if object uses the Table format.

    Returns
    -------
    bool
    """
    itis = False
    if origin == "read":
        itis = isinstance(args[1], Table) and (format in (None, "astropy.table"))
    return itis


# ===================================================================
# Register

convert_registry.register_reader("astropy.table", Cosmology, from_table)
convert_registry.register_writer("astropy.table", Cosmology, to_table)
convert_registry.register_identifier("astropy.table", Cosmology, table_identify)
