# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-

import math
import warnings
from typing import Callable, Optional, Sequence, Tuple, Union

import torch
from torch import Tensor
from torch.nn.modules.lazy import LazyModuleMixin
from torch.nn.parameter import UninitializedParameter

from torchaudio import functional as F
from torchaudio.functional.functional import (
    _apply_sinc_resample_kernel,
    _check_convolve_mode,
    _fix_waveform_shape,
    _get_sinc_resample_kernel,
    _stretch_waveform,
    rnnt_loss,
)

__all__ = []


class Spectrogram(torch.nn.Module):
    r"""Create a spectrogram from a audio signal.

    .. devices:: CPU CUDA

    .. properties:: Autograd TorchScript

    Args:
        n_fft (int, optional): Size of FFT, creates ``n_fft // 2 + 1`` bins. (Default: ``400``)
        win_length (int or None, optional): Window size. (Default: ``n_fft``)
        hop_length (int or None, optional): Length of hop between STFT windows. (Default: ``win_length // 2``)
        pad (int, optional): Two sided padding of signal. (Default: ``0``)
        window_fn (Callable[..., Tensor], optional): A function to create a window tensor
            that is applied/multiplied to each frame/window. (Default: ``torch.hann_window``)
        power (float or None, optional): Exponent for the magnitude spectrogram,
            (must be > 0) e.g., 1 for magnitude, 2 for power, etc.
            If None, then the complex spectrum is returned instead. (Default: ``2``)
        normalized (bool or str, optional): Whether to normalize by magnitude after stft. If input is str, choices are
            ``"window"`` and ``"frame_length"``, if specific normalization type is desirable. ``True`` maps to
            ``"window"``. (Default: ``False``)
        wkwargs (dict or None, optional): Arguments for window function. (Default: ``None``)
        center (bool, optional): whether to pad :attr:`waveform` on both sides so
            that the :math:`t`-th frame is centered at time :math:`t \times \text{hop\_length}`.
            (Default: ``True``)
        pad_mode (string, optional): controls the padding method used when
            :attr:`center` is ``True``. (Default: ``"reflect"``)
        onesided (bool, optional): controls whether to return half of results to
            avoid redundancy (Default: ``True``)
        return_complex (bool, optional):
            Deprecated and not used.

    Example
        >>> waveform, sample_rate = torchaudio.load("test.wav", normalize=True)
        >>> transform = torchaudio.transforms.Spectrogram(n_fft=800)
        >>> spectrogram = transform(waveform)

    """
    __constants__ = ["n_fft", "win_length", "hop_length", "pad", "power", "normalized"]

    def __init__(
        self,
        n_fft: int = 400,
        win_length: Optional[int] = None,
        hop_length: Optional[int] = None,
        pad: int = 0,
        window_fn: Callable[..., Tensor] = torch.hann_window,
        power: Optional[float] = 2.0,
        normalized: Union[bool, str] = False,
        wkwargs: Optional[dict] = None,
        center: bool = True,
        pad_mode: str = "reflect",
        onesided: bool = True,
        return_complex: Optional[bool] = None,
    ) -> None:
        super(Spectrogram, self).__init__()
        torch._C._log_api_usage_once("torchaudio.transforms.Spectrogram")
        self.n_fft = n_fft
        # number of FFT bins. the returned STFT result will have n_fft // 2 + 1
        # number of frequencies due to onesided=True in torch.stft
        self.win_length = win_length if win_length is not None else n_fft
        self.hop_length = hop_length if hop_length is not None else self.win_length // 2
        window = window_fn(self.win_length) if wkwargs is None else window_fn(self.win_length, **wkwargs)
        self.register_buffer("window", window)
        self.pad = pad
        self.power = power
        self.normalized = normalized
        self.center = center
        self.pad_mode = pad_mode
        self.onesided = onesided
        if return_complex is not None:
            warnings.warn(
                "`return_complex` argument is now deprecated and is not effective."
                "`torchaudio.transforms.Spectrogram(power=None)` always returns a tensor with "
                "complex dtype. Please remove the argument in the function call."
            )

    def forward(self, waveform: Tensor) -> Tensor:
        r"""
        Args:
            waveform (Tensor): Tensor of audio of dimension (..., time).

        Returns:
            Tensor: Dimension (..., freq, time), where freq is
            ``n_fft // 2 + 1`` where ``n_fft`` is the number of
            Fourier bins, and time is the number of window hops (n_frame).
        """
        return F.spectrogram(
            waveform,
            self.pad,
            self.window,
            self.n_fft,
            self.hop_length,
            self.win_length,
            self.power,
            self.normalized,
            self.center,
            self.pad_mode,
            self.onesided,
        )


class InverseSpectrogram(torch.nn.Module):
    r"""Create an inverse spectrogram to recover an audio signal from a spectrogram.

    .. devices:: CPU CUDA

    .. properties:: Autograd TorchScript

    Args:
        n_fft (int, optional): Size of FFT, creates ``n_fft // 2 + 1`` bins. (Default: ``400``)
        win_length (int or None, optional): Window size. (Default: ``n_fft``)
        hop_length (int or None, optional): Length of hop between STFT windows. (Default: ``win_length // 2``)
        pad (int, optional): Two sided padding of signal. (Default: ``0``)
        window_fn (Callable[..., Tensor], optional): A function to create a window tensor
            that is applied/multiplied to each frame/window. (Default: ``torch.hann_window``)
        normalized (bool or str, optional): Whether the stft output was normalized by magnitude. If input is str,
            choices are ``"window"`` and ``"frame_length"``, dependent on normalization mode. ``True`` maps to
            ``"window"``. (Default: ``False``)
        wkwargs (dict or None, optional): Arguments for window function. (Default: ``None``)
        center (bool, optional): whether the signal in spectrogram was padded on both sides so
            that the :math:`t`-th frame is centered at time :math:`t \times \text{hop\_length}`.
            (Default: ``True``)
        pad_mode (string, optional): controls the padding method used when
            :attr:`center` is ``True``. (Default: ``"reflect"``)
        onesided (bool, optional): controls whether spectrogram was used to return half of results to
            avoid redundancy (Default: ``True``)

    Example
        >>> batch, freq, time = 2, 257, 100
        >>> length = 25344
        >>> spectrogram = torch.randn(batch, freq, time, dtype=torch.cdouble)
        >>> transform = transforms.InverseSpectrogram(n_fft=512)
        >>> waveform = transform(spectrogram, length)
    """
    __constants__ = ["n_fft", "win_length", "hop_length", "pad", "power", "normalized"]

    def __init__(
        self,
        n_fft: int = 400,
        win_length: Optional[int] = None,
        hop_length: Optional[int] = None,
        pad: int = 0,
        window_fn: Callable[..., Tensor] = torch.hann_window,
        normalized: Union[bool, str] = False,
        wkwargs: Optional[dict] = None,
        center: bool = True,
        pad_mode: str = "reflect",
        onesided: bool = True,
    ) -> None:
        super(InverseSpectrogram, self).__init__()
        self.n_fft = n_fft
        # number of FFT bins. the returned STFT result will have n_fft // 2 + 1
        # number of frequencies due to onesided=True in torch.stft
        self.win_length = win_length if win_length is not None else n_fft
        self.hop_length = hop_length if hop_length is not None else self.win_length // 2
        window = window_fn(self.win_length) if wkwargs is None else window_fn(self.win_length, **wkwargs)
        self.register_buffer("window", window)
        self.pad = pad
        self.normalized = normalized
        self.center = center
        self.pad_mode = pad_mode
        self.onesided = onesided

    def forward(self, spectrogram: Tensor, length: Optional[int] = None) -> Tensor:
        r"""
        Args:
            spectrogram (Tensor): Complex tensor of audio of dimension (..., freq, time).
            length (int or None, optional): The output length of the waveform.

        Returns:
            Tensor: Dimension (..., time), Least squares estimation of the original signal.
        """
        return F.inverse_spectrogram(
            spectrogram,
            length,
            self.pad,
            self.window,
            self.n_fft,
            self.hop_length,
            self.win_length,
            self.normalized,
            self.center,
            self.pad_mode,
            self.onesided,
        )


class GriffinLim(torch.nn.Module):
    r"""Compute waveform from a linear scale magnitude spectrogram using the Griffin-Lim transformation.

    .. devices:: CPU CUDA

    .. properties:: Autograd TorchScript

    Implementation ported from
    *librosa* :cite:`brian_mcfee-proc-scipy-2015`, *A fast Griffin-Lim algorithm* :cite:`6701851`
    and *Signal estimation from modified short-time Fourier transform* :cite:`1172092`.

    Args:
        n_fft (int, optional): Size of FFT, creates ``n_fft // 2 + 1`` bins. (Default: ``400``)
        n_iter (int, optional): Number of iteration for phase recovery process. (Default: ``32``)
        win_length (int or None, optional): Window size. (Default: ``n_fft``)
        hop_length (int or None, optional): Length of hop between STFT windows. (Default: ``win_length // 2``)
        window_fn (Callable[..., Tensor], optional): A function to create a window tensor
            that is applied/multiplied to each frame/window. (Default: ``torch.hann_window``)
        power (float, optional): Exponent for the magnitude spectrogram,
            (must be > 0) e.g., 1 for magnitude, 2 for power, etc. (Default: ``2``)
        wkwargs (dict or None, optional): Arguments for window function. (Default: ``None``)
        momentum (float, optional): The momentum parameter for fast Griffin-Lim.
            Setting this to 0 recovers the original Griffin-Lim method.
            Values near 1 can lead to faster convergence, but above 1 may not converge. (Default: ``0.99``)
        length (int, optional): Array length of the expected output. (Default: ``None``)
        rand_init (bool, optional): Initializes phase randomly if True and to zero otherwise. (Default: ``True``)

    Example
        >>> batch, freq, time = 2, 257, 100
        >>> spectrogram = torch.randn(batch, freq, time)
        >>> transform = transforms.GriffinLim(n_fft=512)
        >>> waveform = transform(spectrogram)
    """
    __constants__ = ["n_fft", "n_iter", "win_length", "hop_length", "power", "length", "momentum", "rand_init"]

    def __init__(
        self,
        n_fft: int = 400,
        n_iter: int = 32,
        win_length: Optional[int] = None,
        hop_length: Optional[int] = None,
        window_fn: Callable[..., Tensor] = torch.hann_window,
        power: float = 2.0,
        wkwargs: Optional[dict] = None,
        momentum: float = 0.99,
        length: Optional[int] = None,
        rand_init: bool = True,
    ) -> None:
        super(GriffinLim, self).__init__()

        if not (0 <= momentum < 1):
            raise ValueError("momentum must be in the range [0, 1). Found: {}".format(momentum))

        self.n_fft = n_fft
        self.n_iter = n_iter
        self.win_length = win_length if win_length is not None else n_fft
        self.hop_length = hop_length if hop_length is not None else self.win_length // 2
        window = window_fn(self.win_length) if wkwargs is None else window_fn(self.win_length, **wkwargs)
        self.register_buffer("window", window)
        self.length = length
        self.power = power
        self.momentum = momentum
        self.rand_init = rand_init

    def forward(self, specgram: Tensor) -> Tensor:
        r"""
        Args:
            specgram (Tensor):
                A magnitude-only STFT spectrogram of dimension (..., freq, frames)
                where freq is ``n_fft // 2 + 1``.

        Returns:
            Tensor: waveform of (..., time), where time equals the ``length`` parameter if given.
        """
        return F.griffinlim(
            specgram,
            self.window,
            self.n_fft,
            self.hop_length,
            self.win_length,
            self.power,
            self.n_iter,
            self.momentum,
            self.length,
            self.rand_init,
        )


class AmplitudeToDB(torch.nn.Module):
    r"""Turn a tensor from the power/amplitude scale to the decibel scale.

    .. devices:: CPU CUDA

    .. properties:: Autograd TorchScript

    This output depends on the maximum value in the input tensor, and so
    may return different values for an audio clip split into snippets vs. a
    a full clip.

    Args:
        stype (str, optional): scale of input tensor (``"power"`` or ``"magnitude"``). The
            power being the elementwise square of the magnitude. (Default: ``"power"``)
        top_db (float or None, optional): minimum negative cut-off in decibels.  A reasonable
            number is 80. (Default: ``None``)

    Example
        >>> waveform, sample_rate = torchaudio.load("test.wav", normalize=True)
        >>> transform = transforms.AmplitudeToDB(stype="amplitude", top_db=80)
        >>> waveform_db = transform(waveform)
    """
    __constants__ = ["multiplier", "amin", "ref_value", "db_multiplier"]

    def __init__(self, stype: str = "power", top_db: Optional[float] = None) -> None:
        super(AmplitudeToDB, self).__init__()
        self.stype = stype
        if top_db is not None and top_db < 0:
            raise ValueError("top_db must be positive value")
        self.top_db = top_db
        self.multiplier = 10.0 if stype == "power" else 20.0
        self.amin = 1e-10
        self.ref_value = 1.0
        self.db_multiplier = math.log10(max(self.amin, self.ref_value))

    def forward(self, x: Tensor) -> Tensor:
        r"""Numerically stable implementation from Librosa.

        https://librosa.org/doc/latest/generated/librosa.amplitude_to_db.html

        Args:
            x (Tensor): Input tensor before being converted to decibel scale.

        Returns:
            Tensor: Output tensor in decibel scale.
        """
        return F.amplitude_to_DB(x, self.multiplier, self.amin, self.db_multiplier, self.top_db)


class MelScale(torch.nn.Module):
    r"""Turn a normal STFT into a mel frequency STFT with triangular filter banks.

    .. devices:: CPU CUDA

    .. properties:: Autograd TorchScript

    Args:
        n_mels (int, optional): Number of mel filterbanks. (Default: ``128``)
        sample_rate (int, optional): Sample rate of audio signal. (Default: ``16000``)
        f_min (float, optional): Minimum frequency. (Default: ``0.``)
        f_max (float or None, optional): Maximum frequency. (Default: ``sample_rate // 2``)
        n_stft (int, optional): Number of bins in STFT. See ``n_fft`` in :class:`Spectrogram`. (Default: ``201``)
        norm (str or None, optional): If ``"slaney"``, divide the triangular mel weights by the width of the mel band
            (area normalization). (Default: ``None``)
        mel_scale (str, optional): Scale to use: ``htk`` or ``slaney``. (Default: ``htk``)

    Example
        >>> waveform, sample_rate = torchaudio.load("test.wav", normalize=True)
        >>> spectrogram_transform = transforms.Spectrogram(n_fft=1024)
        >>> spectrogram = spectrogram_transform(waveform)
        >>> melscale_transform = transforms.MelScale(sample_rate=sample_rate, n_stft=1024 // 2 + 1)
        >>> melscale_spectrogram = melscale_transform(spectrogram)

    See also:
        :py:func:`torchaudio.functional.melscale_fbanks` - The function used to
        generate the filter banks.
    """
    __constants__ = ["n_mels", "sample_rate", "f_min", "f_max"]

    def __init__(
        self,
        n_mels: int = 128,
        sample_rate: int = 16000,
        f_min: float = 0.0,
        f_max: Optional[float] = None,
        n_stft: int = 201,
        norm: Optional[str] = None,
        mel_scale: str = "htk",
    ) -> None:
        super(MelScale, self).__init__()
        self.n_mels = n_mels
        self.sample_rate = sample_rate
        self.f_max = f_max if f_max is not None else float(sample_rate // 2)
        self.f_min = f_min
        self.norm = norm
        self.mel_scale = mel_scale

        if f_min > self.f_max:
            raise ValueError("Require f_min: {} <= f_max: {}".format(f_min, self.f_max))

        fb = F.melscale_fbanks(n_stft, self.f_min, self.f_max, self.n_mels, self.sample_rate, self.norm, self.mel_scale)
        self.register_buffer("fb", fb)

    def forward(self, specgram: Tensor) -> Tensor:
        r"""
        Args:
            specgram (Tensor): A spectrogram STFT of dimension (..., freq, time).

        Returns:
            Tensor: Mel frequency spectrogram of size (..., ``n_mels``, time).
        """

        # (..., time, freq) dot (freq, n_mels) -> (..., n_mels, time)
        mel_specgram = torch.matmul(specgram.transpose(-1, -2), self.fb).transpose(-1, -2)

        return mel_specgram


class InverseMelScale(torch.nn.Module):
    r"""Estimate a STFT in normal frequency domain from mel frequency domain.

    .. devices:: CPU CUDA

    It minimizes the euclidian norm between the input mel-spectrogram and the product between
    the estimated spectrogram and the filter banks using `torch.linalg.lstsq`.

    Args:
        n_stft (int): Number of bins in STFT. See ``n_fft`` in :class:`Spectrogram`.
        n_mels (int, optional): Number of mel filterbanks. (Default: ``128``)
        sample_rate (int, optional): Sample rate of audio signal. (Default: ``16000``)
        f_min (float, optional): Minimum frequency. (Default: ``0.``)
        f_max (float or None, optional): Maximum frequency. (Default: ``sample_rate // 2``)
        norm (str or None, optional): If "slaney", divide the triangular mel weights by the width of the mel band
            (area normalization). (Default: ``None``)
        mel_scale (str, optional): Scale to use: ``htk`` or ``slaney``. (Default: ``htk``)
        driver (str, optional): Name of the LAPACK/MAGMA method to be used for `torch.lstsq`.
            For CPU inputs the valid values are ``"gels"``, ``"gelsy"``, ``"gelsd"``, ``"gelss"``.
            For CUDA input, the only valid driver is ``"gels"``, which assumes that A is full-rank.
            (Default: ``"gels``)

    Example
        >>> waveform, sample_rate = torchaudio.load("test.wav", normalize=True)
        >>> mel_spectrogram_transform = transforms.MelSpectrogram(sample_rate, n_fft=1024)
        >>> mel_spectrogram = mel_spectrogram_transform(waveform)
        >>> inverse_melscale_transform = transforms.InverseMelScale(n_stft=1024 // 2 + 1)
        >>> spectrogram = inverse_melscale_transform(mel_spectrogram)
    """
    __constants__ = [
        "n_stft",
        "n_mels",
        "sample_rate",
        "f_min",
        "f_max",
    ]

    def __init__(
        self,
        n_stft: int,
        n_mels: int = 128,
        sample_rate: int = 16000,
        f_min: float = 0.0,
        f_max: Optional[float] = None,
        norm: Optional[str] = None,
        mel_scale: str = "htk",
        driver: str = "gels",
    ) -> None:
        super(InverseMelScale, self).__init__()
        self.n_mels = n_mels
        self.sample_rate = sample_rate
        self.f_max = f_max or float(sample_rate // 2)
        self.f_min = f_min
        self.driver = driver

        if f_min > self.f_max:
            raise ValueError("Require f_min: {} <= f_max: {}".format(f_min, self.f_max))

        if driver not in ["gels", "gelsy", "gelsd", "gelss"]:
            raise ValueError(f'driver must be one of ["gels", "gelsy", "gelsd", "gelss"]. Found {driver}.')

        fb = F.melscale_fbanks(n_stft, self.f_min, self.f_max, self.n_mels, self.sample_rate, norm, mel_scale)
        self.register_buffer("fb", fb)

    def forward(self, melspec: Tensor) -> Tensor:
        r"""
        Args:
            melspec (Tensor): A Mel frequency spectrogram of dimension (..., ``n_mels``, time)

        Returns:
            Tensor: Linear scale spectrogram of size (..., freq, time)
        """
        # pack batch
        shape = melspec.size()
        melspec = melspec.view(-1, shape[-2], shape[-1])

        n_mels, time = shape[-2], shape[-1]
        freq, _ = self.fb.size()  # (freq, n_mels)
        if self.n_mels != n_mels:
            raise ValueError("Expected an input with {} mel bins. Found: {}".format(self.n_mels, n_mels))

        specgram = torch.relu(torch.linalg.lstsq(self.fb.transpose(-1, -2)[None], melspec, driver=self.driver).solution)

        # unpack batch
        specgram = specgram.view(shape[:-2] + (freq, time))
        return specgram


class MelSpectrogram(torch.nn.Module):
    r"""Create MelSpectrogram for a raw audio signal.

    .. devices:: CPU CUDA

    .. properties:: Autograd TorchScript

    This is a composition of :py:func:`torchaudio.transforms.Spectrogram`
    and :py:func:`torchaudio.transforms.MelScale`.

    Sources
        * https://gist.github.com/kastnerkyle/179d6e9a88202ab0a2fe
        * https://timsainb.github.io/spectrograms-mfccs-and-inversion-in-python.html
        * http://haythamfayek.com/2016/04/21/speech-processing-for-machine-learning.html

    Args:
        sample_rate (int, optional): Sample rate of audio signal. (Default: ``16000``)
        n_fft (int, optional): Size of FFT, creates ``n_fft // 2 + 1`` bins. (Default: ``400``)
        win_length (int or None, optional): Window size. (Default: ``n_fft``)
        hop_length (int or None, optional): Length of hop between STFT windows. (Default: ``win_length // 2``)
        f_min (float, optional): Minimum frequency. (Default: ``0.``)
        f_max (float or None, optional): Maximum frequency. (Default: ``None``)
        pad (int, optional): Two sided padding of signal. (Default: ``0``)
        n_mels (int, optional): Number of mel filterbanks. (Default: ``128``)
        window_fn (Callable[..., Tensor], optional): A function to create a window tensor
            that is applied/multiplied to each frame/window. (Default: ``torch.hann_window``)
        power (float, optional): Exponent for the magnitude spectrogram,
            (must be > 0) e.g., 1 for magnitude, 2 for power, etc. (Default: ``2``)
        normalized (bool, optional): Whether to normalize by magnitude after stft. (Default: ``False``)
        wkwargs (Dict[..., ...] or None, optional): Arguments for window function. (Default: ``None``)
        center (bool, optional): whether to pad :attr:`waveform` on both sides so
            that the :math:`t`-th frame is centered at time :math:`t \times \text{hop\_length}`.
            (Default: ``True``)
        pad_mode (string, optional): controls the padding method used when
            :attr:`center` is ``True``. (Default: ``"reflect"``)
        onesided: Deprecated and unused.
        norm (str or None, optional): If "slaney", divide the triangular mel weights by the width of the mel band
            (area normalization). (Default: ``None``)
        mel_scale (str, optional): Scale to use: ``htk`` or ``slaney``. (Default: ``htk``)

    Example
        >>> waveform, sample_rate = torchaudio.load("test.wav", normalize=True)
        >>> transform = transforms.MelSpectrogram(sample_rate)
        >>> mel_specgram = transform(waveform)  # (channel, n_mels, time)

    See also:
        :py:func:`torchaudio.functional.melscale_fbanks` - The function used to
        generate the filter banks.
    """
    __constants__ = ["sample_rate", "n_fft", "win_length", "hop_length", "pad", "n_mels", "f_min"]

    def __init__(
        self,
        sample_rate: int = 16000,
        n_fft: int = 400,
        win_length: Optional[int] = None,
        hop_length: Optional[int] = None,
        f_min: float = 0.0,
        f_max: Optional[float] = None,
        pad: int = 0,
        n_mels: int = 128,
        window_fn: Callable[..., Tensor] = torch.hann_window,
        power: float = 2.0,
        normalized: bool = False,
        wkwargs: Optional[dict] = None,
        center: bool = True,
        pad_mode: str = "reflect",
        onesided: Optional[bool] = None,
        norm: Optional[str] = None,
        mel_scale: str = "htk",
    ) -> None:
        super(MelSpectrogram, self).__init__()
        torch._C._log_api_usage_once("torchaudio.transforms.MelSpectrogram")

        if onesided is not None:
            warnings.warn(
                "Argument 'onesided' has been deprecated and has no influence on the behavior of this module."
            )

        self.sample_rate = sample_rate
        self.n_fft = n_fft
        self.win_length = win_length if win_length is not None else n_fft
        self.hop_length = hop_length if hop_length is not None else self.win_length // 2
        self.pad = pad
        self.power = power
        self.normalized = normalized
        self.n_mels = n_mels  # number of mel frequency bins
        self.f_max = f_max
        self.f_min = f_min
        self.spectrogram = Spectrogram(
            n_fft=self.n_fft,
            win_length=self.win_length,
            hop_length=self.hop_length,
            pad=self.pad,
            window_fn=window_fn,
            power=self.power,
            normalized=self.normalized,
            wkwargs=wkwargs,
            center=center,
            pad_mode=pad_mode,
            onesided=True,
        )
        self.mel_scale = MelScale(
            self.n_mels, self.sample_rate, self.f_min, self.f_max, self.n_fft // 2 + 1, norm, mel_scale
        )

    def forward(self, waveform: Tensor) -> Tensor:
        r"""
        Args:
            waveform (Tensor): Tensor of audio of dimension (..., time).

        Returns:
            Tensor: Mel frequency spectrogram of size (..., ``n_mels``, time).
        """
        specgram = self.spectrogram(waveform)
        mel_specgram = self.mel_scale(specgram)
        return mel_specgram


class MFCC(torch.nn.Module):
    r"""Create the Mel-frequency cepstrum coefficients from an audio signal.

    .. devices:: CPU CUDA

    .. properties:: Autograd TorchScript

    By default, this calculates the MFCC on the DB-scaled Mel spectrogram.
    This is not the textbook implementation, but is implemented here to
    give consistency with librosa.

    This output depends on the maximum value in the input spectrogram, and so
    may return different values for an audio clip split into snippets vs. a
    a full clip.

    Args:
        sample_rate (int, optional): Sample rate of audio signal. (Default: ``16000``)
        n_mfcc (int, optional): Number of mfc coefficients to retain. (Default: ``40``)
        dct_type (int, optional): type of DCT (discrete cosine transform) to use. (Default: ``2``)
        norm (str, optional): norm to use. (Default: ``"ortho"``)
        log_mels (bool, optional): whether to use log-mel spectrograms instead of db-scaled. (Default: ``False``)
        melkwargs (dict or None, optional): arguments for MelSpectrogram. (Default: ``None``)

    Example
        >>> waveform, sample_rate = torchaudio.load("test.wav", normalize=True)
        >>> transform = transforms.MFCC(
        >>>     sample_rate=sample_rate,
        >>>     n_mfcc=13,
        >>>     melkwargs={"n_fft": 400, "hop_length": 160, "n_mels": 23, "center": False},
        >>> )
        >>> mfcc = transform(waveform)

    See also:
        :py:func:`torchaudio.functional.melscale_fbanks` - The function used to
        generate the filter banks.
    """
    __constants__ = ["sample_rate", "n_mfcc", "dct_type", "top_db", "log_mels"]

    def __init__(
        self,
        sample_rate: int = 16000,
        n_mfcc: int = 40,
        dct_type: int = 2,
        norm: str = "ortho",
        log_mels: bool = False,
        melkwargs: Optional[dict] = None,
    ) -> None:
        super(MFCC, self).__init__()
        supported_dct_types = [2]
        if dct_type not in supported_dct_types:
            raise ValueError("DCT type not supported: {}".format(dct_type))
        self.sample_rate = sample_rate
        self.n_mfcc = n_mfcc
        self.dct_type = dct_type
        self.norm = norm
        self.top_db = 80.0
        self.amplitude_to_DB = AmplitudeToDB("power", self.top_db)

        melkwargs = melkwargs or {}
        self.MelSpectrogram = MelSpectrogram(sample_rate=self.sample_rate, **melkwargs)

        if self.n_mfcc > self.MelSpectrogram.n_mels:
            raise ValueError("Cannot select more MFCC coefficients than # mel bins")
        dct_mat = F.create_dct(self.n_mfcc, self.MelSpectrogram.n_mels, self.norm)
        self.register_buffer("dct_mat", dct_mat)
        self.log_mels = log_mels

    def forward(self, waveform: Tensor) -> Tensor:
        r"""
        Args:
            waveform (Tensor): Tensor of audio of dimension (..., time).

        Returns:
            Tensor: specgram_mel_db of size (..., ``n_mfcc``, time).
        """
        mel_specgram = self.MelSpectrogram(waveform)
        if self.log_mels:
            log_offset = 1e-6
            mel_specgram = torch.log(mel_specgram + log_offset)
        else:
            mel_specgram = self.amplitude_to_DB(mel_specgram)

        # (..., time, n_mels) dot (n_mels, n_mfcc) -> (..., n_nfcc, time)
        mfcc = torch.matmul(mel_specgram.transpose(-1, -2), self.dct_mat).transpose(-1, -2)
        return mfcc


class LFCC(torch.nn.Module):
    r"""Create the linear-frequency cepstrum coefficients from an audio signal.

    .. devices:: CPU CUDA

    .. properties:: Autograd TorchScript

    By default, this calculates the LFCC on the DB-scaled linear filtered spectrogram.
    This is not the textbook implementation, but is implemented here to
    give consistency with librosa.

    This output depends on the maximum value in the input spectrogram, and so
    may return different values for an audio clip split into snippets vs. a
    a full clip.

    Args:
        sample_rate (int, optional): Sample rate of audio signal. (Default: ``16000``)
        n_filter (int, optional): Number of linear filters to apply. (Default: ``128``)
        n_lfcc (int, optional): Number of lfc coefficients to retain. (Default: ``40``)
        f_min (float, optional): Minimum frequency. (Default: ``0.``)
        f_max (float or None, optional): Maximum frequency. (Default: ``None``)
        dct_type (int, optional): type of DCT (discrete cosine transform) to use. (Default: ``2``)
        norm (str, optional): norm to use. (Default: ``"ortho"``)
        log_lf (bool, optional): whether to use log-lf spectrograms instead of db-scaled. (Default: ``False``)
        speckwargs (dict or None, optional): arguments for Spectrogram. (Default: ``None``)

    Example
        >>> waveform, sample_rate = torchaudio.load("test.wav", normalize=True)
        >>> transform = transforms.LFCC(
        >>>     sample_rate=sample_rate,
        >>>     n_lfcc=13,
        >>>     speckwargs={"n_fft": 400, "hop_length": 160, "center": False},
        >>> )
        >>> lfcc = transform(waveform)

    See also:
        :py:func:`torchaudio.functional.linear_fbanks` - The function used to
        generate the filter banks.
    """
    __constants__ = ["sample_rate", "n_filter", "n_lfcc", "dct_type", "top_db", "log_lf"]

    def __init__(
        self,
        sample_rate: int = 16000,
        n_filter: int = 128,
        f_min: float = 0.0,
        f_max: Optional[float] = None,
        n_lfcc: int = 40,
        dct_type: int = 2,
        norm: str = "ortho",
        log_lf: bool = False,
        speckwargs: Optional[dict] = None,
    ) -> None:
        super(LFCC, self).__init__()
        supported_dct_types = [2]
        if dct_type not in supported_dct_types:
            raise ValueError("DCT type not supported: {}".format(dct_type))
        self.sample_rate = sample_rate
        self.f_min = f_min
        self.f_max = f_max if f_max is not None else float(sample_rate // 2)
        self.n_filter = n_filter
        self.n_lfcc = n_lfcc
        self.dct_type = dct_type
        self.norm = norm
        self.top_db = 80.0
        self.amplitude_to_DB = AmplitudeToDB("power", self.top_db)

        speckwargs = speckwargs or {}
        self.Spectrogram = Spectrogram(**speckwargs)

        if self.n_lfcc > self.Spectrogram.n_fft:
            raise ValueError("Cannot select more LFCC coefficients than # fft bins")

        filter_mat = F.linear_fbanks(
            n_freqs=self.Spectrogram.n_fft // 2 + 1,
            f_min=self.f_min,
            f_max=self.f_max,
            n_filter=self.n_filter,
            sample_rate=self.sample_rate,
        )
        self.register_buffer("filter_mat", filter_mat)

        dct_mat = F.create_dct(self.n_lfcc, self.n_filter, self.norm)
        self.register_buffer("dct_mat", dct_mat)
        self.log_lf = log_lf

    def forward(self, waveform: Tensor) -> Tensor:
        r"""
        Args:
            waveform (Tensor): Tensor of audio of dimension (..., time).

        Returns:
            Tensor: Linear Frequency Cepstral Coefficients of size (..., ``n_lfcc``, time).
        """
        specgram = self.Spectrogram(waveform)

        # (..., time, freq) dot (freq, n_filter) -> (..., n_filter, time)
        specgram = torch.matmul(specgram.transpose(-1, -2), self.filter_mat).transpose(-1, -2)

        if self.log_lf:
            log_offset = 1e-6
            specgram = torch.log(specgram + log_offset)
        else:
            specgram = self.amplitude_to_DB(specgram)

        # (..., time, n_filter) dot (n_filter, n_lfcc) -> (..., n_lfcc, time)
        lfcc = torch.matmul(specgram.transpose(-1, -2), self.dct_mat).transpose(-1, -2)
        return lfcc


class MuLawEncoding(torch.nn.Module):
    r"""Encode signal based on mu-law companding.

    .. devices:: CPU CUDA

    .. properties:: TorchScript

    For more info see the
    `Wikipedia Entry <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9C-law_algorithm>`_

    This algorithm assumes the signal has been scaled to between -1 and 1 and
    returns a signal encoded with values from 0 to quantization_channels - 1

    Args:
        quantization_channels (int, optional): Number of channels. (Default: ``256``)

    Example
       >>> waveform, sample_rate = torchaudio.load("test.wav", normalize=True)
       >>> transform = torchaudio.transforms.MuLawEncoding(quantization_channels=512)
       >>> mulawtrans = transform(waveform)

    """
    __constants__ = ["quantization_channels"]

    def __init__(self, quantization_channels: int = 256) -> None:
        super(MuLawEncoding, self).__init__()
        self.quantization_channels = quantization_channels

    def forward(self, x: Tensor) -> Tensor:
        r"""
        Args:
            x (Tensor): A signal to be encoded.

        Returns:
            Tensor: An encoded signal.
        """
        return F.mu_law_encoding(x, self.quantization_channels)


class MuLawDecoding(torch.nn.Module):
    r"""Decode mu-law encoded signal.

    .. devices:: CPU CUDA

    .. properties:: TorchScript

    For more info see the
    `Wikipedia Entry <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9C-law_algorithm>`_

    This expects an input with values between 0 and ``quantization_channels - 1``
    and returns a signal scaled between -1 and 1.

    Args:
        quantization_channels (int, optional): Number of channels. (Default: ``256``)

    Example
        >>> waveform, sample_rate = torchaudio.load("test.wav", normalize=True)
        >>> transform = torchaudio.transforms.MuLawDecoding(quantization_channels=512)
        >>> mulawtrans = transform(waveform)
    """
    __constants__ = ["quantization_channels"]

    def __init__(self, quantization_channels: int = 256) -> None:
        super(MuLawDecoding, self).__init__()
        self.quantization_channels = quantization_channels

    def forward(self, x_mu: Tensor) -> Tensor:
        r"""
        Args:
            x_mu (Tensor): A mu-law encoded signal which needs to be decoded.

        Returns:
            Tensor: The signal decoded.
        """
        return F.mu_law_decoding(x_mu, self.quantization_channels)


class Resample(torch.nn.Module):
    r"""Resample a signal from one frequency to another. A resampling method can be given.

    .. devices:: CPU CUDA

    .. properties:: Autograd TorchScript

    Note:
        If resampling on waveforms of higher precision than float32, there may be a small loss of precision
        because the kernel is cached once as float32. If high precision resampling is important for your application,
        the functional form will retain higher precision, but run slower because it does not cache the kernel.
        Alternatively, you could rewrite a transform that caches a higher precision kernel.

    Args:
        orig_freq (int, optional): The original frequency of the signal. (Default: ``16000``)
        new_freq (int, optional): The desired frequency. (Default: ``16000``)
        resampling_method (str, optional): The resampling method to use.
            Options: [``sinc_interp_hann``, ``sinc_interp_kaiser``] (Default: ``"sinc_interp_hann"``)
        lowpass_filter_width (int, optional): Controls the sharpness of the filter, more == sharper
            but less efficient. (Default: ``6``)
        rolloff (float, optional): The roll-off frequency of the filter, as a fraction of the Nyquist.
            Lower values reduce anti-aliasing, but also reduce some of the highest frequencies. (Default: ``0.99``)
        beta (float or None, optional): The shape parameter used for kaiser window.
        dtype (torch.device, optional):
            Determnines the precision that resampling kernel is pre-computed and cached. If not provided,
            kernel is computed with ``torch.float64`` then cached as ``torch.float32``.
            If you need higher precision, provide ``torch.float64``, and the pre-computed kernel is computed and
            cached as ``torch.float64``. If you use resample with lower precision, then instead of providing this
            providing this argument, please use ``Resample.to(dtype)``, so that the kernel generation is still
            carried out on ``torch.float64``.

    Example
        >>> waveform, sample_rate = torchaudio.load("test.wav", normalize=True)
        >>> transform = transforms.Resample(sample_rate, sample_rate/10)
        >>> waveform = transform(waveform)
    """

    def __init__(
        self,
        orig_freq: int = 16000,
        new_freq: int = 16000,
        resampling_method: str = "sinc_interp_hann",
        lowpass_filter_width: int = 6,
        rolloff: float = 0.99,
        beta: Optional[float] = None,
        *,
        dtype: Optional[torch.dtype] = None,
    ) -> None:
        super().__init__()

        self.orig_freq = orig_freq
        self.new_freq = new_freq
        self.gcd = math.gcd(int(self.orig_freq), int(self.new_freq))
        self.resampling_method = resampling_method
        self.lowpass_filter_width = lowpass_filter_width
        self.rolloff = rolloff
        self.beta = beta

        if self.orig_freq != self.new_freq:
            kernel, self.width = _get_sinc_resample_kernel(
                self.orig_freq,
                self.new_freq,
                self.gcd,
                self.lowpass_filter_width,
                self.rolloff,
                self.resampling_method,
                beta,
                dtype=dtype,
            )
            self.register_buffer("kernel", kernel)

    def forward(self, waveform: Tensor) -> Tensor:
        r"""
        Args:
            waveform (Tensor): Tensor of audio of dimension (..., time).

        Returns:
            Tensor: Output signal of dimension (..., time).
        """
        if self.orig_freq == self.new_freq:
            return waveform
        return _apply_sinc_resample_kernel(waveform, self.orig_freq, self.new_freq, self.gcd, self.kernel, self.width)


class ComputeDeltas(torch.nn.Module):
    r"""Compute delta coefficients of a tensor, usually a spectrogram.

    .. devices:: CPU CUDA

    .. properties:: Autograd TorchScript

    See `torchaudio.functional.compute_deltas` for more details.

    Args:
        win_length (int, optional): The window length used for computing delta. (Default: ``5``)
        mode (str, optional): Mode parameter passed to padding. (Default: ``"replicate"``)
    """
    __constants__ = ["win_length"]

    def __init__(self, win_length: int = 5, mode: str = "replicate") -> None:
        super(ComputeDeltas, self).__init__()
        self.win_length = win_length
        self.mode = mode

    def forward(self, specgram: Tensor) -> Tensor:
        r"""
        Args:
            specgram (Tensor): Tensor of audio of dimension (..., freq, time).

        Returns:
            Tensor: Tensor of deltas of dimension (..., freq, time).
        """
        return F.compute_deltas(specgram, win_length=self.win_length, mode=self.mode)


class TimeStretch(torch.nn.Module):
    r"""Stretch stft in time without modifying pitch for a given rate.

    .. devices:: CPU CUDA

    .. properties:: Autograd TorchScript

    Proposed in *SpecAugment* :cite:`specaugment`.

    Args:
        hop_length (int or None, optional): Length of hop between STFT windows.
            (Default: ``n_fft // 2``, where ``n_fft == (n_freq - 1) * 2``)
        n_freq (int, optional): number of filter banks from stft. (Default: ``201``)
        fixed_rate (float or None, optional): rate to speed up or slow down by.
            If None is provided, rate must be passed to the forward method. (Default: ``None``)

    .. note::

       The expected input is raw, complex-valued spectrogram.

    Example
        >>> spectrogram = torchaudio.transforms.Spectrogram(power=None)
        >>> stretch = torchaudio.transforms.TimeStretch()
        >>>
        >>> original = spectrogram(waveform)
        >>> stretched_1_2 = stretch(original, 1.2)
        >>> stretched_0_9 = stretch(original, 0.9)

        .. image:: https://download.pytorch.org/torchaudio/doc-assets/specaugment_time_stretch.png
           :width: 600
           :alt: The visualization of stretched spectrograms.
    """
    __constants__ = ["fixed_rate"]

    def __init__(self, hop_length: Optional[int] = None, n_freq: int = 201, fixed_rate: Optional[float] = None) -> None:
        super(TimeStretch, self).__init__()

        self.fixed_rate = fixed_rate

        n_fft = (n_freq - 1) * 2
        hop_length = hop_length if hop_length is not None else n_fft // 2
        self.register_buffer("phase_advance", torch.linspace(0, math.pi * hop_length, n_freq)[..., None])

    def forward(self, complex_specgrams: Tensor, overriding_rate: Optional[float] = None) -> Tensor:
        r"""
        Args:
            complex_specgrams (Tensor):
                A tensor of dimension `(..., freq, num_frame)` with complex dtype.
            overriding_rate (float or None, optional): speed up to apply to this batch.
                If no rate is passed, use ``self.fixed_rate``. (Default: ``None``)

        Returns:
            Tensor:
                Stretched spectrogram. The resulting tensor is of the corresponding complex dtype
                as the input spectrogram, and the number of frames is changed to ``ceil(num_frame / rate)``.
        """
        if not torch.is_complex(complex_specgrams):
            warnings.warn(
                "The input to TimeStretch must be complex type. "
                "Providing non-complex tensor produces invalid results.",
                stacklevel=4,
            )

        if overriding_rate is None:
            if self.fixed_rate is None:
                raise ValueError("If no fixed_rate is specified, must pass a valid rate to the forward method.")
            rate = self.fixed_rate
        else:
            rate = overriding_rate
        return F.phase_vocoder(complex_specgrams, rate, self.phase_advance)


class Fade(torch.nn.Module):
    r"""Add a fade in and/or fade out to an waveform.

    .. devices:: CPU CUDA

    .. properties:: Autograd TorchScript

    Args:
        fade_in_len (int, optional): Length of fade-in (time frames). (Default: ``0``)
        fade_out_len (int, optional): Length of fade-out (time frames). (Default: ``0``)
        fade_shape (str, optional): Shape of fade. Must be one of: "quarter_sine",
            ``"half_sine"``, ``"linear"``, ``"logarithmic"``, ``"exponential"``.
            (Default: ``"linear"``)

    Example
        >>> waveform, sample_rate = torchaudio.load("test.wav", normalize=True)
        >>> transform = transforms.Fade(fade_in_len=sample_rate, fade_out_len=2 * sample_rate, fade_shape="linear")
        >>> faded_waveform = transform(waveform)
    """

    def __init__(self, fade_in_len: int = 0, fade_out_len: int = 0, fade_shape: str = "linear") -> None:
        super(Fade, self).__init__()
        self.fade_in_len = fade_in_len
        self.fade_out_len = fade_out_len
        self.fade_shape = fade_shape

    def forward(self, waveform: Tensor) -> Tensor:
        r"""
        Args:
            waveform (Tensor): Tensor of audio of dimension `(..., time)`.

        Returns:
            Tensor: Tensor of audio of dimension `(..., time)`.
        """
        waveform_length = waveform.size()[-1]
        device = waveform.device
        return self._fade_in(waveform_length, device) * self._fade_out(waveform_length, device) * waveform

    def _fade_in(self, waveform_length: int, device: torch.device) -> Tensor:
        fade = torch.linspace(0, 1, self.fade_in_len, device=device)
        ones = torch.ones(waveform_length - self.fade_in_len, device=device)

        if self.fade_shape == "linear":
            fade = fade

        if self.fade_shape == "exponential":
            fade = torch.pow(2, (fade - 1)) * fade

        if self.fade_shape == "logarithmic":
            fade = torch.log10(0.1 + fade) + 1

        if self.fade_shape == "quarter_sine":
            fade = torch.sin(fade * math.pi / 2)

        if self.fade_shape == "half_sine":
            fade = torch.sin(fade * math.pi - math.pi / 2) / 2 + 0.5

        return torch.cat((fade, ones)).clamp_(0, 1)

    def _fade_out(self, waveform_length: int, device: torch.device) -> Tensor:
        fade = torch.linspace(0, 1, self.fade_out_len, device=device)
        ones = torch.ones(waveform_length - self.fade_out_len, device=device)

        if self.fade_shape == "linear":
            fade = -fade + 1

        if self.fade_shape == "exponential":
            fade = torch.pow(2, -fade) * (1 - fade)

        if self.fade_shape == "logarithmic":
            fade = torch.log10(1.1 - fade) + 1

        if self.fade_shape == "quarter_sine":
            fade = torch.sin(fade * math.pi / 2 + math.pi / 2)

        if self.fade_shape == "half_sine":
            fade = torch.sin(fade * math.pi + math.pi / 2) / 2 + 0.5

        return torch.cat((ones, fade)).clamp_(0, 1)


class _AxisMasking(torch.nn.Module):
    r"""Apply masking to a spectrogram.

    Args:
        mask_param (int): Maximum possible length of the mask.
        axis (int): What dimension the mask is applied on (assuming the tensor is 3D).
            For frequency masking, axis = 1.
            For time masking, axis = 2.
        iid_masks (bool): Applies iid masks to each of the examples in the batch dimension.
            This option is applicable only when the dimension of the input tensor is >= 3.
        p (float, optional): maximum proportion of columns that can be masked. (Default: 1.0)
    """
    __constants__ = ["mask_param", "axis", "iid_masks", "p"]

    def __init__(self, mask_param: int, axis: int, iid_masks: bool, p: float = 1.0) -> None:
        super(_AxisMasking, self).__init__()
        self.mask_param = mask_param
        self.axis = axis
        self.iid_masks = iid_masks
        self.p = p

    def forward(self, specgram: Tensor, mask_value: Union[float, torch.Tensor] = 0.0) -> Tensor:
        r"""
        Args:
            specgram (Tensor): Tensor of dimension `(..., freq, time)`.
            mask_value (float): Value to assign to the masked columns.

        Returns:
            Tensor: Masked spectrogram of dimensions `(..., freq, time)`.
        """
        # if iid_masks flag marked and specgram has a batch dimension
        # self.axis + specgram.dim() - 3 gives the time/frequency dimension (last two dimensions)
        # for input tensor for which the dimension is not 3.
        if self.iid_masks:
            return F.mask_along_axis_iid(
                specgram, self.mask_param, mask_value, self.axis + specgram.dim() - 3, p=self.p
            )
        else:
            return F.mask_along_axis(specgram, self.mask_param, mask_value, self.axis + specgram.dim() - 3, p=self.p)


class FrequencyMasking(_AxisMasking):
    r"""Apply masking to a spectrogram in the frequency domain.

    .. devices:: CPU CUDA

    .. properties:: Autograd TorchScript

    Proposed in *SpecAugment* :cite:`specaugment`.

    Args:
        freq_mask_param (int): maximum possible length of the mask.
            Indices uniformly sampled from [0, freq_mask_param).
        iid_masks (bool, optional): whether to apply different masks to each
            example/channel in the batch. (Default: ``False``)
            This option is applicable only when the input tensor >= 3D.

    Example
        >>> spectrogram = torchaudio.transforms.Spectrogram()
        >>> masking = torchaudio.transforms.FrequencyMasking(freq_mask_param=80)
        >>>
        >>> original = spectrogram(waveform)
        >>> masked = masking(original)

        .. image::  https://download.pytorch.org/torchaudio/doc-assets/specaugment_freq_masking1.png
           :alt: The original spectrogram

        .. image::  https://download.pytorch.org/torchaudio/doc-assets/specaugment_freq_masking2.png
           :alt: The spectrogram masked along frequency axis
    """

    def __init__(self, freq_mask_param: int, iid_masks: bool = False) -> None:
        super(FrequencyMasking, self).__init__(freq_mask_param, 1, iid_masks)


class TimeMasking(_AxisMasking):
    r"""Apply masking to a spectrogram in the time domain.

    .. devices:: CPU CUDA

    .. properties:: Autograd TorchScript

    Proposed in *SpecAugment* :cite:`specaugment`.

    Args:
        time_mask_param (int): maximum possible length of the mask.
            Indices uniformly sampled from [0, time_mask_param).
        iid_masks (bool, optional): whether to apply different masks to each
            example/channel in the batch. (Default: ``False``)
            This option is applicable only when the input tensor >= 3D.
        p (float, optional): maximum proportion of time steps that can be masked.
            Must be within range [0.0, 1.0]. (Default: 1.0)

    Example
        >>> spectrogram = torchaudio.transforms.Spectrogram()
        >>> masking = torchaudio.transforms.TimeMasking(time_mask_param=80)
        >>>
        >>> original = spectrogram(waveform)
        >>> masked = masking(original)

        .. image::  https://download.pytorch.org/torchaudio/doc-assets/specaugment_time_masking1.png
           :alt: The original spectrogram

        .. image::  https://download.pytorch.org/torchaudio/doc-assets/specaugment_time_masking2.png
           :alt: The spectrogram masked along time axis
    """

    def __init__(self, time_mask_param: int, iid_masks: bool = False, p: float = 1.0) -> None:
        if not 0.0 <= p <= 1.0:
            raise ValueError(f"The value of p must be between 0.0 and 1.0 ({p} given).")
        super(TimeMasking, self).__init__(time_mask_param, 2, iid_masks, p=p)


class SpecAugment(torch.nn.Module):
    r"""Apply time and frequency masking to a spectrogram.
    Args:
        n_time_masks (int): Number of time masks. If its value is zero, no time masking will be applied.
        time_mask_param (int): Maximum possible length of the time mask.
        n_freq_masks (int): Number of frequency masks. If its value is zero, no frequency masking will be applied.
        freq_mask_param (int): Maximum possible length of the frequency mask.
        iid_masks (bool, optional): Applies iid masks to each of the examples in the batch dimension.
            This option is applicable only when the input tensor is 4D. (Default: ``True``)
        p (float, optional): maximum proportion of time steps that can be masked.
            Must be within range [0.0, 1.0]. (Default: 1.0)
        zero_masking (bool, optional): If ``True``, use 0 as the mask value,
            else use mean of the input tensor. (Default: ``False``)
    """
    __constants__ = [
        "n_time_masks",
        "time_mask_param",
        "n_freq_masks",
        "freq_mask_param",
        "iid_masks",
        "p",
        "zero_masking",
    ]

    def __init__(
        self,
        n_time_masks: int,
        time_mask_param: int,
        n_freq_masks: int,
        freq_mask_param: int,
        iid_masks: bool = True,
        p: float = 1.0,
        zero_masking: bool = False,
    ) -> None:
        super(SpecAugment, self).__init__()
        self.n_time_masks = n_time_masks
        self.time_mask_param = time_mask_param
        self.n_freq_masks = n_freq_masks
        self.freq_mask_param = freq_mask_param
        self.iid_masks = iid_masks
        self.p = p
        self.zero_masking = zero_masking

    def forward(self, specgram: Tensor) -> Tensor:
        r"""
        Args:
            specgram (Tensor): Tensor of shape `(..., freq, time)`.
        Returns:
            Tensor: Masked spectrogram of shape `(..., freq, time)`.
        """
        if self.zero_masking:
            mask_value = 0.0
        else:
            mask_value = specgram.mean()
        time_dim = specgram.dim() - 1
        freq_dim = time_dim - 1

        if specgram.dim() > 2 and self.iid_masks is True:
            for _ in range(self.n_time_masks):
                specgram = F.mask_along_axis_iid(specgram, self.time_mask_param, mask_value, time_dim, p=self.p)
            for _ in range(self.n_freq_masks):
                specgram = F.mask_along_axis_iid(specgram, self.freq_mask_param, mask_value, freq_dim, p=self.p)
        else:
            for _ in range(self.n_time_masks):
                specgram = F.mask_along_axis(specgram, self.time_mask_param, mask_value, time_dim, p=self.p)
            for _ in range(self.n_freq_masks):
                specgram = F.mask_along_axis(specgram, self.freq_mask_param, mask_value, freq_dim, p=self.p)

        return specgram


class Loudness(torch.nn.Module):
    r"""Measure audio loudness according to the ITU-R BS.1770-4 recommendation.

    .. devices:: CPU CUDA

    .. properties:: TorchScript

    Args:
        sample_rate (int): Sample rate of audio signal.

    Example
        >>> waveform, sample_rate = torchaudio.load("test.wav", normalize=True)
        >>> transform = transforms.Loudness(sample_rate)
        >>> loudness = transform(waveform)

    Reference:
        - https://www.itu.int/rec/R-REC-BS.1770-4-201510-I/en
    """
    __constants__ = ["sample_rate"]

    def __init__(self, sample_rate: int):
        super(Loudness, self).__init__()
        self.sample_rate = sample_rate

    def forward(self, wavefrom: Tensor):
        r"""
        Args:
            waveform(torch.Tensor): audio waveform of dimension `(..., channels, time)`

        Returns:
            Tensor: loudness estimates (LKFS)
        """
        return F.loudness(wavefrom, self.sample_rate)


class Vol(torch.nn.Module):
    r"""Adjust volume of waveform.

    .. devices:: CPU CUDA

    .. properties:: Autograd TorchScript

    Args:
        gain (float): Interpreted according to the given gain_type:
            If ``gain_type`` = ``amplitude``, ``gain`` is a positive amplitude ratio.
            If ``gain_type`` = ``power``, ``gain`` is a power (voltage squared).
            If ``gain_type`` = ``db``, ``gain`` is in decibels.
        gain_type (str, optional): Type of gain. One of: ``amplitude``, ``power``, ``db`` (Default: ``amplitude``)

    Example
        >>> waveform, sample_rate = torchaudio.load("test.wav", normalize=True)
        >>> transform = transforms.Vol(gain=0.5, gain_type="amplitude")
        >>> quieter_waveform = transform(waveform)
    """

    def __init__(self, gain: float, gain_type: str = "amplitude"):
        super(Vol, self).__init__()
        self.gain = gain
        self.gain_type = gain_type

        if gain_type in ["amplitude", "power"] and gain < 0:
            raise ValueError("If gain_type = amplitude or power, gain must be positive.")

    def forward(self, waveform: Tensor) -> Tensor:
        r"""
        Args:
            waveform (Tensor): Tensor of audio of dimension `(..., time)`.

        Returns:
            Tensor: Tensor of audio of dimension `(..., time)`.
        """
        if self.gain_type == "amplitude":
            waveform = waveform * self.gain

        if self.gain_type == "db":
            waveform = F.gain(waveform, self.gain)

        if self.gain_type == "power":
            waveform = F.gain(waveform, 10 * math.log10(self.gain))

        return torch.clamp(waveform, -1, 1)


class SlidingWindowCmn(torch.nn.Module):
    r"""
    Apply sliding-window cepstral mean (and optionally variance) normalization per utterance.

    .. devices:: CPU CUDA

    .. properties:: Autograd TorchScript

    Args:
        cmn_window (int, optional): Window in frames for running average CMN computation (int, default = 600)
        min_cmn_window (int, optional):  Minimum CMN window used at start of decoding (adds latency only at start).
            Only applicable if center == false, ignored if center==true (int, default = 100)
        center (bool, optional): If true, use a window centered on the current frame
            (to the extent possible, modulo end effects). If false, window is to the left. (bool, default = false)
        norm_vars (bool, optional): If true, normalize variance to one. (bool, default = false)

    Example
        >>> waveform, sample_rate = torchaudio.load("test.wav", normalize=True)
        >>> transform = transforms.SlidingWindowCmn(cmn_window=1000)
        >>> cmn_waveform = transform(waveform)
    """

    def __init__(
        self, cmn_window: int = 600, min_cmn_window: int = 100, center: bool = False, norm_vars: bool = False
    ) -> None:
        super().__init__()
        self.cmn_window = cmn_window
        self.min_cmn_window = min_cmn_window
        self.center = center
        self.norm_vars = norm_vars

    def forward(self, specgram: Tensor) -> Tensor:
        r"""
        Args:
            specgram (Tensor): Tensor of spectrogram of dimension `(..., time, freq)`.

        Returns:
            Tensor: Tensor of spectrogram of dimension `(..., time, freq)`.
        """
        cmn_specgram = F.sliding_window_cmn(specgram, self.cmn_window, self.min_cmn_window, self.center, self.norm_vars)
        return cmn_specgram


class Vad(torch.nn.Module):
    r"""Voice Activity Detector. Similar to SoX implementation.

    .. devices:: CPU CUDA

    .. properties:: TorchScript

    Attempts to trim silence and quiet background sounds from the ends of recordings of speech.
    The algorithm currently uses a simple cepstral power measurement to detect voice,
    so may be fooled by other things, especially music.

    The effect can trim only from the front of the audio,
    so in order to trim from the back, the reverse effect must also be used.

    Args:
        sample_rate (int): Sample rate of audio signal.
        trigger_level (float, optional): The measurement level used to trigger activity detection.
            This may need to be changed depending on the noise level, signal level,
            and other characteristics of the input audio. (Default: 7.0)
        trigger_time (float, optional): The time constant (in seconds)
            used to help ignore short bursts of sound. (Default: 0.25)
        search_time (float, optional): The amount of audio (in seconds)
            to search for quieter/shorter bursts of audio to include prior
            to the detected trigger point. (Default: 1.0)
        allowed_gap (float, optional): The allowed gap (in seconds) between
            quiteter/shorter bursts of audio to include prior
            to the detected trigger point. (Default: 0.25)
        pre_trigger_time (float, optional): The amount of audio (in seconds) to preserve
            before the trigger point and any found quieter/shorter bursts. (Default: 0.0)
        boot_time (float, optional) The algorithm (internally) uses adaptive noise
            estimation/reduction in order to detect the start of the wanted audio.
            This option sets the time for the initial noise estimate. (Default: 0.35)
        noise_up_time (float, optional) Time constant used by the adaptive noise estimator
            for when the noise level is increasing. (Default: 0.1)
        noise_down_time (float, optional) Time constant used by the adaptive noise estimator
            for when the noise level is decreasing. (Default: 0.01)
        noise_reduction_amount (float, optional) Amount of noise reduction to use in
            the detection algorithm (e.g. 0, 0.5, ...). (Default: 1.35)
        measure_freq (float, optional) Frequency of the algorithm’s
            processing/measurements. (Default: 20.0)
        measure_duration: (float or None, optional) Measurement duration.
            (Default: Twice the measurement period; i.e. with overlap.)
        measure_smooth_time (float, optional) Time constant used to smooth
            spectral measurements. (Default: 0.4)
        hp_filter_freq (float, optional) "Brick-wall" frequency of high-pass filter applied
            at the input to the detector algorithm. (Default: 50.0)
        lp_filter_freq (float, optional) "Brick-wall" frequency of low-pass filter applied
            at the input to the detector algorithm. (Default: 6000.0)
        hp_lifter_freq (float, optional) "Brick-wall" frequency of high-pass lifter used
            in the detector algorithm. (Default: 150.0)
        lp_lifter_freq (float, optional) "Brick-wall" frequency of low-pass lifter used
            in the detector algorithm. (Default: 2000.0)

    Example
        >>> waveform, sample_rate = torchaudio.load("test.wav", normalize=True)
        >>> waveform_reversed, sample_rate = apply_effects_tensor(waveform, sample_rate, [["reverse"]])
        >>> transform = transforms.Vad(sample_rate=sample_rate, trigger_level=7.5)
        >>> waveform_reversed_front_trim = transform(waveform_reversed)
        >>> waveform_end_trim, sample_rate = apply_effects_tensor(
        >>>     waveform_reversed_front_trim, sample_rate, [["reverse"]]
        >>> )

    Reference:
        - http://sox.sourceforge.net/sox.html
    """

    def __init__(
        self,
        sample_rate: int,
        trigger_level: float = 7.0,
        trigger_time: float = 0.25,
        search_time: float = 1.0,
        allowed_gap: float = 0.25,
        pre_trigger_time: float = 0.0,
        boot_time: float = 0.35,
        noise_up_time: float = 0.1,
        noise_down_time: float = 0.01,
        noise_reduction_amount: float = 1.35,
        measure_freq: float = 20.0,
        measure_duration: Optional[float] = None,
        measure_smooth_time: float = 0.4,
        hp_filter_freq: float = 50.0,
        lp_filter_freq: float = 6000.0,
        hp_lifter_freq: float = 150.0,
        lp_lifter_freq: float = 2000.0,
    ) -> None:
        super().__init__()

        self.sample_rate = sample_rate
        self.trigger_level = trigger_level
        self.trigger_time = trigger_time
        self.search_time = search_time
        self.allowed_gap = allowed_gap
        self.pre_trigger_time = pre_trigger_time
        self.boot_time = boot_time
        self.noise_up_time = noise_up_time
        self.noise_down_time = noise_down_time
        self.noise_reduction_amount = noise_reduction_amount
        self.measure_freq = measure_freq
        self.measure_duration = measure_duration
        self.measure_smooth_time = measure_smooth_time
        self.hp_filter_freq = hp_filter_freq
        self.lp_filter_freq = lp_filter_freq
        self.hp_lifter_freq = hp_lifter_freq
        self.lp_lifter_freq = lp_lifter_freq

    def forward(self, waveform: Tensor) -> Tensor:
        r"""
        Args:
            waveform (Tensor): Tensor of audio of dimension `(channels, time)` or `(time)`
                Tensor of shape `(channels, time)` is treated as a multi-channel recording
                of the same event and the resulting output will be trimmed to the earliest
                voice activity in any channel.
        """
        return F.vad(
            waveform=waveform,
            sample_rate=self.sample_rate,
            trigger_level=self.trigger_level,
            trigger_time=self.trigger_time,
            search_time=self.search_time,
            allowed_gap=self.allowed_gap,
            pre_trigger_time=self.pre_trigger_time,
            boot_time=self.boot_time,
            noise_up_time=self.noise_up_time,
            noise_down_time=self.noise_down_time,
            noise_reduction_amount=self.noise_reduction_amount,
            measure_freq=self.measure_freq,
            measure_duration=self.measure_duration,
            measure_smooth_time=self.measure_smooth_time,
            hp_filter_freq=self.hp_filter_freq,
            lp_filter_freq=self.lp_filter_freq,
            hp_lifter_freq=self.hp_lifter_freq,
            lp_lifter_freq=self.lp_lifter_freq,
        )


class SpectralCentroid(torch.nn.Module):
    r"""Compute the spectral centroid for each channel along the time axis.

    .. devices:: CPU CUDA

    .. properties:: Autograd TorchScript

    The spectral centroid is defined as the weighted average of the
    frequency values, weighted by their magnitude.

    Args:
        sample_rate (int): Sample rate of audio signal.
        n_fft (int, optional): Size of FFT, creates ``n_fft // 2 + 1`` bins. (Default: ``400``)
        win_length (int or None, optional): Window size. (Default: ``n_fft``)
        hop_length (int or None, optional): Length of hop between STFT windows. (Default: ``win_length // 2``)
        pad (int, optional): Two sided padding of signal. (Default: ``0``)
        window_fn (Callable[..., Tensor], optional): A function to create a window tensor
            that is applied/multiplied to each frame/window. (Default: ``torch.hann_window``)
        wkwargs (dict or None, optional): Arguments for window function. (Default: ``None``)

    Example
        >>> waveform, sample_rate = torchaudio.load("test.wav", normalize=True)
        >>> transform = transforms.SpectralCentroid(sample_rate)
        >>> spectral_centroid = transform(waveform)  # (channel, time)
    """
    __constants__ = ["sample_rate", "n_fft", "win_length", "hop_length", "pad"]

    def __init__(
        self,
        sample_rate: int,
        n_fft: int = 400,
        win_length: Optional[int] = None,
        hop_length: Optional[int] = None,
        pad: int = 0,
        window_fn: Callable[..., Tensor] = torch.hann_window,
        wkwargs: Optional[dict] = None,
    ) -> None:
        super(SpectralCentroid, self).__init__()
        self.sample_rate = sample_rate
        self.n_fft = n_fft
        self.win_length = win_length if win_length is not None else n_fft
        self.hop_length = hop_length if hop_length is not None else self.win_length // 2
        window = window_fn(self.win_length) if wkwargs is None else window_fn(self.win_length, **wkwargs)
        self.register_buffer("window", window)
        self.pad = pad

    def forward(self, waveform: Tensor) -> Tensor:
        r"""
        Args:
            waveform (Tensor): Tensor of audio of dimension `(..., time)`.

        Returns:
            Tensor: Spectral Centroid of size `(..., time)`.
        """

        return F.spectral_centroid(
            waveform, self.sample_rate, self.pad, self.window, self.n_fft, self.hop_length, self.win_length
        )


class PitchShift(LazyModuleMixin, torch.nn.Module):
    r"""Shift the pitch of a waveform by ``n_steps`` steps.

    .. devices:: CPU CUDA

    .. properties:: TorchScript

    Args:
        waveform (Tensor): The input waveform of shape `(..., time)`.
        sample_rate (int): Sample rate of `waveform`.
        n_steps (int): The (fractional) steps to shift `waveform`.
        bins_per_octave (int, optional): The number of steps per octave (Default : ``12``).
        n_fft (int, optional): Size of FFT, creates ``n_fft // 2 + 1`` bins (Default: ``512``).
        win_length (int or None, optional): Window size. If None, then ``n_fft`` is used. (Default: ``None``).
        hop_length (int or None, optional): Length of hop between STFT windows. If None, then ``win_length // 4``
            is used (Default: ``None``).
        window (Tensor or None, optional): Window tensor that is applied/multiplied to each frame/window.
            If None, then ``torch.hann_window(win_length)`` is used (Default: ``None``).

    Example
        >>> waveform, sample_rate = torchaudio.load("test.wav", normalize=True)
        >>> transform = transforms.PitchShift(sample_rate, 4)
        >>> waveform_shift = transform(waveform)  # (channel, time)
    """
    __constants__ = ["sample_rate", "n_steps", "bins_per_octave", "n_fft", "win_length", "hop_length"]

    kernel: UninitializedParameter
    width: int

    def __init__(
        self,
        sample_rate: int,
        n_steps: int,
        bins_per_octave: int = 12,
        n_fft: int = 512,
        win_length: Optional[int] = None,
        hop_length: Optional[int] = None,
        window_fn: Callable[..., Tensor] = torch.hann_window,
        wkwargs: Optional[dict] = None,
    ) -> None:
        super().__init__()
        self.n_steps = n_steps
        self.bins_per_octave = bins_per_octave
        self.sample_rate = sample_rate
        self.n_fft = n_fft
        self.win_length = win_length if win_length is not None else n_fft
        self.hop_length = hop_length if hop_length is not None else self.win_length // 4
        window = window_fn(self.win_length) if wkwargs is None else window_fn(self.win_length, **wkwargs)
        self.register_buffer("window", window)
        rate = 2.0 ** (-float(n_steps) / bins_per_octave)
        self.orig_freq = int(sample_rate / rate)
        self.gcd = math.gcd(int(self.orig_freq), int(sample_rate))

        if self.orig_freq != sample_rate:
            self.width = -1
            self.kernel = UninitializedParameter(device=None, dtype=None)

    def initialize_parameters(self, input):
        if self.has_uninitialized_params():
            if self.orig_freq != self.sample_rate:
                with torch.no_grad():
                    kernel, self.width = _get_sinc_resample_kernel(
                        self.orig_freq,
                        self.sample_rate,
                        self.gcd,
                        dtype=input.dtype,
                        device=input.device,
                    )
                    self.kernel.materialize(kernel.shape)
                    self.kernel.copy_(kernel)

    def forward(self, waveform: Tensor) -> Tensor:
        r"""
        Args:
            waveform (Tensor): Tensor of audio of dimension `(..., time)`.

        Returns:
            Tensor: The pitch-shifted audio of shape `(..., time)`.
        """
        shape = waveform.size()

        waveform_stretch = _stretch_waveform(
            waveform,
            self.n_steps,
            self.bins_per_octave,
            self.n_fft,
            self.win_length,
            self.hop_length,
            self.window,
        )

        if self.orig_freq != self.sample_rate:
            waveform_shift = _apply_sinc_resample_kernel(
                waveform_stretch,
                self.orig_freq,
                self.sample_rate,
                self.gcd,
                self.kernel,
                self.width,
            )
        else:
            waveform_shift = waveform_stretch

        return _fix_waveform_shape(
            waveform_shift,
            shape,
        )


class RNNTLoss(torch.nn.Module):
    """Compute the RNN Transducer loss from *Sequence Transduction with Recurrent Neural Networks*
    :cite:`graves2012sequence`.

    .. devices:: CPU CUDA

    .. properties:: Autograd TorchScript

    The RNN Transducer loss extends the CTC loss by defining a distribution over output
    sequences of all lengths, and by jointly modelling both input-output and output-output
    dependencies.

    Args:
        blank (int, optional): blank label (Default: ``-1``)
        clamp (float, optional): clamp for gradients (Default: ``-1``)
        reduction (string, optional): Specifies the reduction to apply to the output:
            ``"none"`` | ``"mean"`` | ``"sum"``. (Default: ``"mean"``)
        fused_log_softmax (bool): set to False if calling log_softmax outside of loss (Default: ``True``)

    Example
        >>> # Hypothetical values
        >>> logits = torch.tensor([[[[0.1, 0.6, 0.1, 0.1, 0.1],
        >>>                          [0.1, 0.1, 0.6, 0.1, 0.1],
        >>>                          [0.1, 0.1, 0.2, 0.8, 0.1]],
        >>>                         [[0.1, 0.6, 0.1, 0.1, 0.1],
        >>>                          [0.1, 0.1, 0.2, 0.1, 0.1],
        >>>                          [0.7, 0.1, 0.2, 0.1, 0.1]]]],
        >>>                       dtype=torch.float32,
        >>>                       requires_grad=True)
        >>> targets = torch.tensor([[1, 2]], dtype=torch.int)
        >>> logit_lengths = torch.tensor([2], dtype=torch.int)
        >>> target_lengths = torch.tensor([2], dtype=torch.int)
        >>> transform = transforms.RNNTLoss(blank=0)
        >>> loss = transform(logits, targets, logit_lengths, target_lengths)
        >>> loss.backward()
    """

    def __init__(
        self,
        blank: int = -1,
        clamp: float = -1.0,
        reduction: str = "mean",
        fused_log_softmax: bool = True,
    ):
        super().__init__()
        self.blank = blank
        self.clamp = clamp
        self.reduction = reduction
        self.fused_log_softmax = fused_log_softmax

    def forward(
        self,
        logits: Tensor,
        targets: Tensor,
        logit_lengths: Tensor,
        target_lengths: Tensor,
    ):
        """
        Args:
            logits (Tensor): Tensor of dimension `(batch, max seq length, max target length + 1, class)`
                containing output from joiner
            targets (Tensor): Tensor of dimension `(batch, max target length)` containing targets with zero padded
            logit_lengths (Tensor): Tensor of dimension `(batch)` containing lengths of each sequence from encoder
            target_lengths (Tensor): Tensor of dimension `(batch)` containing lengths of targets for each sequence
        Returns:
            Tensor: Loss with the reduction option applied. If ``reduction`` is  ``"none"``, then size (batch),
            otherwise scalar.
        """
        return rnnt_loss(
            logits,
            targets,
            logit_lengths,
            target_lengths,
            self.blank,
            self.clamp,
            self.reduction,
            self.fused_log_softmax,
        )


class Convolve(torch.nn.Module):
    r"""
    Convolves inputs along their last dimension using the direct method.
    Note that, in contrast to :class:`torch.nn.Conv1d`, which actually applies the valid cross-correlation
    operator, this module applies the true `convolution`_ operator.

    .. devices:: CPU CUDA

    .. properties:: Autograd TorchScript

    Args:
        mode (str, optional): Must be one of ("full", "valid", "same").

            * "full": Returns the full convolution result, with shape `(..., N + M - 1)`, where
              `N` and `M` are the trailing dimensions of the two inputs. (Default)
            * "valid": Returns the segment of the full convolution result corresponding to where
              the two inputs overlap completely, with shape `(..., max(N, M) - min(N, M) + 1)`.
            * "same": Returns the center segment of the full convolution result, with shape `(..., N)`.

    .. _convolution:
        https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Convolution
    """

    def __init__(self, mode: str = "full") -> None:
        _check_convolve_mode(mode)

        super().__init__()
        self.mode = mode

    def forward(self, x: torch.Tensor, y: torch.Tensor) -> torch.Tensor:
        r"""
        Args:
            x (torch.Tensor): First convolution operand, with shape `(..., N)`.
            y (torch.Tensor): Second convolution operand, with shape `(..., M)`
                (leading dimensions must be broadcast-able with those of ``x``).

        Returns:
            torch.Tensor: Result of convolving ``x`` and ``y``, with shape `(..., L)`, where
            the leading dimensions match those of ``x`` and `L` is dictated by ``mode``.
        """
        return F.convolve(x, y, mode=self.mode)


class FFTConvolve(torch.nn.Module):
    r"""
    Convolves inputs along their last dimension using FFT. For inputs with large last dimensions, this module
    is generally much faster than :class:`Convolve`.
    Note that, in contrast to :class:`torch.nn.Conv1d`, which actually applies the valid cross-correlation
    operator, this module applies the true `convolution`_ operator.
    Also note that this module can only output float tensors (int tensor inputs will be cast to float).

    .. devices:: CPU CUDA

    .. properties:: Autograd TorchScript

    Args:
        mode (str, optional): Must be one of ("full", "valid", "same").

            * "full": Returns the full convolution result, with shape `(..., N + M - 1)`, where
              `N` and `M` are the trailing dimensions of the two inputs. (Default)
            * "valid": Returns the segment of the full convolution result corresponding to where
              the two inputs overlap completely, with shape `(..., max(N, M) - min(N, M) + 1)`.
            * "same": Returns the center segment of the full convolution result, with shape `(..., N)`.

    .. _convolution:
        https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Convolution
    """

    def __init__(self, mode: str = "full") -> None:
        _check_convolve_mode(mode)

        super().__init__()
        self.mode = mode

    def forward(self, x: torch.Tensor, y: torch.Tensor) -> torch.Tensor:
        r"""
        Args:
            x (torch.Tensor): First convolution operand, with shape `(..., N)`.
            y (torch.Tensor): Second convolution operand, with shape `(..., M)`
                (leading dimensions must be broadcast-able with those of ``x``).

        Returns:
            torch.Tensor: Result of convolving ``x`` and ``y``, with shape `(..., L)`, where
            the leading dimensions match those of ``x`` and `L` is dictated by ``mode``.
        """
        return F.fftconvolve(x, y, mode=self.mode)


def _source_target_sample_rate(orig_freq: int, speed: float) -> Tuple[int, int]:
    source_sample_rate = int(speed * orig_freq)
    target_sample_rate = int(orig_freq)
    gcd = math.gcd(source_sample_rate, target_sample_rate)
    return source_sample_rate // gcd, target_sample_rate // gcd


class Speed(torch.nn.Module):
    r"""Adjusts waveform speed.

    .. devices:: CPU CUDA

    .. properties:: Autograd TorchScript

    Args:
        orig_freq (int): Original frequency of the signals in ``waveform``.
        factor (float): Factor by which to adjust speed of input. Values greater than 1.0
            compress ``waveform`` in time, whereas values less than 1.0 stretch ``waveform`` in time.
    """

    def __init__(self, orig_freq, factor) -> None:
        super().__init__()

        self.orig_freq = orig_freq
        self.factor = factor

        self.source_sample_rate, self.target_sample_rate = _source_target_sample_rate(orig_freq, factor)
        self.resampler = Resample(orig_freq=self.source_sample_rate, new_freq=self.target_sample_rate)

    def forward(self, waveform, lengths: Optional[torch.Tensor] = None) -> Tuple[torch.Tensor, Optional[torch.Tensor]]:
        r"""
        Args:
            waveform (torch.Tensor): Input signals, with shape `(..., time)`.
            lengths (torch.Tensor or None, optional): Valid lengths of signals in ``waveform``, with shape `(...)`.
                If ``None``, all elements in ``waveform`` are treated as valid. (Default: ``None``)

        Returns:
            (torch.Tensor, torch.Tensor or None):
                torch.Tensor
                    Speed-adjusted waveform, with shape `(..., new_time).`
                torch.Tensor or None
                    If ``lengths`` is not ``None``, valid lengths of signals in speed-adjusted waveform,
                    with shape `(...)`; otherwise, ``None``.
        """

        if lengths is None:
            out_lengths = None
        else:
            out_lengths = torch.ceil(lengths * self.target_sample_rate / self.source_sample_rate).to(lengths.dtype)

        return self.resampler(waveform), out_lengths


class SpeedPerturbation(torch.nn.Module):
    r"""Applies the speed perturbation augmentation introduced in
    *Audio augmentation for speech recognition* :cite:`ko15_interspeech`. For a given input,
    the module samples a speed-up factor from ``factors`` uniformly at random and adjusts
    the speed of the input by that factor.

    .. devices:: CPU CUDA

    .. properties:: Autograd TorchScript

    Args:
        orig_freq (int): Original frequency of the signals in ``waveform``.
        factors (Sequence[float]): Factors by which to adjust speed of input. Values greater than 1.0
            compress ``waveform`` in time, whereas values less than 1.0 stretch ``waveform`` in time.

    Example
        >>> speed_perturb = SpeedPerturbation(16000, [0.9, 1.1, 1.0, 1.0, 1.0])
        >>> # waveform speed will be adjusted by factor 0.9 with 20% probability,
        >>> # 1.1 with 20% probability, and 1.0 (i.e. kept the same) with 60% probability.
        >>> speed_perturbed_waveform = speed_perturb(waveform, lengths)
    """

    def __init__(self, orig_freq: int, factors: Sequence[float]) -> None:
        super().__init__()

        self.speeders = torch.nn.ModuleList([Speed(orig_freq=orig_freq, factor=factor) for factor in factors])

    def forward(
        self, waveform: torch.Tensor, lengths: Optional[torch.Tensor] = None
    ) -> Tuple[torch.Tensor, Optional[torch.Tensor]]:
        r"""
        Args:
            waveform (torch.Tensor): Input signals, with shape `(..., time)`.
            lengths (torch.Tensor or None, optional): Valid lengths of signals in ``waveform``, with shape `(...)`.
                If ``None``, all elements in ``waveform`` are treated as valid. (Default: ``None``)

        Returns:
            (torch.Tensor, torch.Tensor or None):
                torch.Tensor
                    Speed-adjusted waveform, with shape `(..., new_time).`
                torch.Tensor or None
                    If ``lengths`` is not ``None``, valid lengths of signals in speed-adjusted waveform,
                    with shape `(...)`; otherwise, ``None``.
        """

        idx = int(torch.randint(len(self.speeders), ()))
        # NOTE: we do this because TorchScript doesn't allow for
        # indexing ModuleList instances with non-literals.
        for speeder_idx, speeder in enumerate(self.speeders):
            if idx == speeder_idx:
                return speeder(waveform, lengths)
        raise RuntimeError("Speeder not found; execution should have never reached here.")


class AddNoise(torch.nn.Module):
    r"""Scales and adds noise to waveform per signal-to-noise ratio.
    See :meth:`torchaudio.functional.add_noise` for more details.

    .. devices:: CPU CUDA

    .. properties:: Autograd TorchScript
    """

    def forward(
        self, waveform: torch.Tensor, noise: torch.Tensor, snr: torch.Tensor, lengths: Optional[torch.Tensor] = None
    ) -> torch.Tensor:
        r"""
        Args:
            waveform (torch.Tensor): Input waveform, with shape `(..., L)`.
            noise (torch.Tensor): Noise, with shape `(..., L)` (same shape as ``waveform``).
            snr (torch.Tensor): Signal-to-noise ratios in dB, with shape `(...,)`.
            lengths (torch.Tensor or None, optional): Valid lengths of signals in ``waveform`` and ``noise``,
            with shape `(...,)` (leading dimensions must match those of ``waveform``). If ``None``, all
            elements in ``waveform`` and ``noise`` are treated as valid. (Default: ``None``)

        Returns:
            torch.Tensor: Result of scaling and adding ``noise`` to ``waveform``, with shape `(..., L)`
            (same shape as ``waveform``).
        """
        return F.add_noise(waveform, noise, snr, lengths)


class Preemphasis(torch.nn.Module):
    r"""Pre-emphasizes a waveform along its last dimension.
    See :meth:`torchaudio.functional.preemphasis` for more details.

    .. devices:: CPU CUDA

    .. properties:: Autograd TorchScript

    Args:
        coeff (float, optional): Pre-emphasis coefficient. Typically between 0.0 and 1.0.
            (Default: 0.97)
    """

    def __init__(self, coeff: float = 0.97) -> None:
        super().__init__()
        self.coeff = coeff

    def forward(self, waveform: torch.Tensor) -> torch.Tensor:
        r"""
        Args:
            waveform (torch.Tensor): Waveform, with shape `(..., N)`.

        Returns:
            torch.Tensor: Pre-emphasized waveform, with shape `(..., N)`.
        """
        return F.preemphasis(waveform, coeff=self.coeff)


class Deemphasis(torch.nn.Module):
    r"""De-emphasizes a waveform along its last dimension.
    See :meth:`torchaudio.functional.deemphasis` for more details.

    .. devices:: CPU CUDA

    .. properties:: Autograd TorchScript

    Args:
        coeff (float, optional): De-emphasis coefficient. Typically between 0.0 and 1.0.
            (Default: 0.97)
    """

    def __init__(self, coeff: float = 0.97) -> None:
        super().__init__()
        self.coeff = coeff

    def forward(self, waveform: torch.Tensor) -> torch.Tensor:
        r"""
        Args:
            waveform (torch.Tensor): Waveform, with shape `(..., N)`.

        Returns:
            torch.Tensor: De-emphasized waveform, with shape `(..., N)`.
        """
        return F.functional.deemphasis(waveform, coeff=self.coeff)
