std::atomic_ref(3)

NAME
std::atomic_ref - std::atomic_ref

Synopsis
   Defined in header <atomic>
   template< class T > (1) (since C++20)
   struct atomic_ref;
   template< class T > (2) (since C++20)
   struct atomic_ref<T*>;
   The std::atomic_ref class template applies atomic operations to the object it
   references. For the lifetime of the std::atomic_ref object, the object it references
   is considered an atomic object. If one thread writes to an atomic object while
   another thread reads from it, the behavior is well-defined (see memory model for
   details on data races). In addition, accesses to atomic objects may establish
   inter-thread synchronization and order non-atomic memory accesses as specified by
   std::memory_order.
   The lifetime of an object must exceed the lifetime of all std::atomic_refs that
   references the object. While any std::atomic_ref instance referencing an object
   exists, the object must be exclusively accessed through these std::atomic_ref
   instances. No subobject of an object referenced by an std::atomic_ref object may be
   concurrently referenced by any other std::atomic_ref object.
   Atomic operations applied to an object through an std::atomic_ref are atomic with
   respect to atomic operations applied through any other std::atomic_ref referencing
   the same object.
   std::atomic_ref is CopyConstructible.
   Like language references, constness is shallow for std::atomic_ref - it is possible
   to modify the referenced value through a const std::atomic_ref object.

Specializations
     Primary template
   The primary std::atomic_ref template may be instantiated with any TriviallyCopyable
   type T (including bool):
 struct Counters { int a; int b; }; // user-defined trivially-copyable type
 alignas(std::atomic_ref<Counters>::required_alignment) Counters counter;
 std::atomic_ref<Counters> cnt(counter); // specialization for the user-defined type
     Partial specialization for pointer types
   The standard library provides partial specializations of the std::atomic_ref
   template for all pointer types. In addition to the operations provided for all
   atomic types, these specializations additionally support atomic arithmetic
   operations appropriate to pointer types, such as fetch_add, fetch_sub.
     Specializations for integral types
   When instantiated with one of the following integral types, std::atomic_ref provides
   additional atomic operations appropriate to integral types such as fetch_add,
   fetch_sub, fetch_and, fetch_or, fetch_xor:
     * The character types char, char8_t, char16_t, char32_t, and wchar_t;
     * The standard signed integer types: signed char, short, int, long, and long long;
     * The standard unsigned integer types: unsigned char, unsigned short, unsigned
       int, unsigned long, and unsigned long long;
     * Any additional integral types needed by the typedefs in the header <cstdint>.
   Signed integer arithmetic is defined to use two's complement; there are no undefined
   results.
     Specializations for floating-point types
   When instantiated with one of the cv-unqualified floating-point types (float,
   double, long double
   and cv-unqualified extended floating-point types
   (since C++23)), std::atomic_ref provides additional atomic operations appropriate to
   floating-point types such as fetch_add and fetch_sub.
   No operations result in undefined behavior even if the result is not representable
   in the floating-point type. The floating-point environment in effect may be
   different from the calling thread's floating-point environment.

Member types
   Member type Definition
   value_type see below
                   value_type (only for atomic_ref<Integral> and atomic_ref<Floating>
   difference_type specializations)
                   std::ptrdiff_t (only for std::atomic_ref<T*> specializations)
   For every std::atomic_ref<X> (whether or not specialized),
   std::atomic_ref<X>::value_type is X.
   difference_type is not defined in the primary atomic_ref template.

Member functions
   constructor constructs an atomic_ref object
                        (public member function)
                        stores a value into the object referenced by an atomic_ref
   operator= object
                        (public member function)
   is_lock_free checks if the atomic_ref object is lock-free
                        (public member function)
                        atomically replaces the value of the referenced object with
   store a non-atomic argument
                        (public member function)
   load atomically obtains the value of the referenced object
                        (public member function)
   operator T loads a value from the referenced object
                        (public member function)
                        atomically replaces the value of the referenced object and
   exchange obtains the value held previously
                        (public member function)
                        atomically compares the value of the referenced object with
   compare_exchange_weak non-atomic argument and performs atomic exchange if equal or
   compare_exchange_strong atomic load if not
                        (public member function)
                        blocks the thread until notified and the atomic value
   wait changes
                        (public member function)
   notify_one notifies at least one thread waiting on the atomic object
                        (public member function)
   notify_all notifies all threads blocked waiting on the atomic object
                        (public member function)

Constants
   is_always_lock_free indicates that the type is always lock-free
   [static] (public static member constant)
   required_alignment indicates the required alignment of an object to be
   [static] referenced by atomic_ref
                        (public static member constant)

Specialized member functions
         Specialized for integral, floating-point and pointer types
                   atomically adds the argument to the value stored in the referenced
   fetch_add object and obtains the value held previously
                   (public member function)
                   atomically subtracts the argument from the value stored in the
   fetch_sub referenced object and obtains the value held previously
                   (public member function)
   operator+= atomically adds to or subtracts from the referenced value
   operator-= (public member function)
         Specialized for integral and pointer types only
   fetch_max atomically performs std::max between the argument and the value of
   (C++26) the referenced object and obtains the value held previously
                   (public member function)
   fetch_min atomically performs std::min between the argument and the value of
   (C++26) the referenced object and obtains the value held previously
                   (public member function)
   operator++
   operator++(int) atomically increments or decrements the referenced object by one
   operator-- (public member function)
   operator--(int)
         Specialized for integral types only
                   atomically performs bitwise AND between the argument and the value
   fetch_and of the referenced object and obtains the value held previously
                   (public member function)
                   atomically performs bitwise OR between the argument and the value of
   fetch_or the referenced object and obtains the value held previously
                   (public member function)
                   atomically performs bitwise XOR between the argument and the value
   fetch_xor of the referenced object and obtains the value held previously
                   (public member function)
   operator&= atomically performs bitwise AND, OR, XOR with the referenced value
   operator|= (public member function)
   operator^=

Notes
    Feature-test macro Value Std Feature
   __cpp_lib_atomic_ref 201806L (C++20) std::atomic_ref

See also
           atomic class template and specializations for bool, integral,
   atomic floating-point,
   (C++11) (since C++20) and pointer types
           (class template)