std::ctype::widen,do_widen(3)

NAME
std::ctype::widen,do_widen - std::ctype::widen,do_widen

Synopsis
   Defined in header <locale>
   public: (1)
   CharT widen( char c ) const;
   public: (2)
   const char* widen( const char* beg, const char* end, CharT* dst ) const;
   protected: (3)
   virtual CharT do_widen( char c ) const;
   protected:
   virtual const char* do_widen( const char* beg, const char* end, CharT* dst ) (4)
   const;
   1,2) Public member function, calls the corresponding protected virtual member
   function do_widen overload of the most derived class. Overload (1) calls
   do_widen(c), overload (2) calls do_widen(beg, end, dst).
   3) Converts the single-byte character c to the corresponding wide character
   representation using the simplest reasonable transformation. Typically, this applies
   only to the characters whose multibyte encoding is a single byte (e.g. U+0000-U+007F
   in UTF-8).
   4) For every character in the character array [beg, end), writes the corresponding
   widened character to the successive locations in the character array pointed to by
   dst.
   Widening always returns a wide character, but only the characters from the
   basic source character set
   (until C++23)
   basic character set
   (since C++23) are guaranteed to have a unique, well-defined, widening
   transformation, which is also guaranteed to be reversible (by narrow()). In
   practice, all characters whose multibyte representation is a single byte are usually
   widened to their wide character counterparts, and the rest of the possible
   single-byte values are usually mapped into the same placeholder value, typically
   CharT(-1).
   Widening, if successful, preserves all character classification categories known to
   is().

Parameters
   c - character to convert
   dflt - default value to produce if the conversion fails
   beg - pointer to the first character in an array of characters to convert
   end - one past the end pointer for the array of characters to convert
   dst - pointer to the first element of the array of characters to fill

Return value
   1,3) Widened character.
   2,4) end

Example
// Run this code
 #include <iostream>
 #include <locale>
 void try_widen(const std::ctype<wchar_t>& f, char c)
 {
     wchar_t w = f.widen(c);
     std::cout << "The single-byte character " << +(unsigned char)c
               << " widens to " << +w << '\n';
 }
 int main()
 {
     std::locale::global(std::locale("cs_CZ.iso88592"));
     auto& f = std::use_facet<std::ctype<wchar_t>>(std::locale());
     std::cout << std::hex << std::showbase << "In Czech ISO-8859-2 locale:\n";
     try_widen(f, 'a');
     try_widen(f, '\xdf'); // German letter ß (U+00df) in ISO-8859-2
     try_widen(f, '\xec'); // Czech letter ě (U+011b) in ISO-8859-2
     std::locale::global(std::locale("cs_CZ.utf8"));
     auto& f2 = std::use_facet<std::ctype<wchar_t>>(std::locale());
     std::cout << "In Czech UTF-8 locale:\n";
     try_widen(f2, 'a');
     try_widen(f2, '\xdf');
     try_widen(f2, '\xec');
 }

Possible output:
 In Czech ISO-8859-2 locale:
 The single-byte character 0x61 widens to 0x61
 The single-byte character 0xdf widens to 0xdf
 The single-byte character 0xec widens to 0x11b
 In Czech UTF-8 locale:
 The single-byte character 0x61 widens to 0x61
 The single-byte character 0xdf widens to 0xffffffff
 The single-byte character 0xec widens to 0xffffffff
   Defect reports
   The following behavior-changing defect reports were applied retroactively to
   previously published C++ standards.
     DR Applied to Behavior as published Correct behavior
   LWG 153 C++98 widen always called overload (4) calls the corresponding overload

See also
   narrow invokes do_narrow
          (public member function)
   widen widens characters
          (public member function of std::basic_ios<CharT,Traits>)
   btowc widens a single-byte narrow character to wide character, if possible
          (function)